A large number of epidemiological studies have linked a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human p53 gene to risk for developing a variety of cancers. This SNP encodes either an arginine or proline at position 72 (R72P) of the p53 protein, which can alter the apoptotic activity of p53 via transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms. This SNP has also been reported to modulate the development of human papilloma virus (HPV)-driven cancers through differential targeting of the p53 variant proteins by the E6 viral oncoprotein. Mouse models for the p53 R72P polymorphism have recently been developed but a role for this SNP in modifying cancer risk in response to viral and chemical carcinogens has yet to be established experimentally. Here, we demonstrate that the p53 R72P polymorphism modulates the hyperprolferative, apoptotic and inflammatory phenotypes caused by expression of the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Moreover, the R72P SNP also modifies the carcinogenic response to the chemical carcinogen 4NQO, in the presence and absence of the HPV16 transgene. Our findings confirm several human epidemiological studies associating the codon 72 proline variant with increased risk for certain cancers but also suggest that there are tissue-specific differences in how the R72P polymorphism influences the response to environmental carcinogens.