HLA and KIR are diverse and rapidly evolving gene complexes that work together in human immunity mediated by cytolytic lymphocytes. Understanding their complex immunogenetic interaction requires study of both HLA and KIR diversity in the same human population. Here a panel of 72 unrelated north Indian Hindus was analyzed. HLA- A, B, C, DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 alleles and their frequencies were determined by sequencing or high-resolution typing of genomic DNA; KIR genotypes were determined by gene-specific typing and by allele-level DNA typing for KIR2DL1, 2DL3, 2DL5, 3DL1, and 3DL2. From HLA analysis, the north Indian population is seen to have several characteristics shared either with Caucasian or East Asian populations, consistent with the demographic history of north India, as well as specific features, including several alleles at high frequency that are rare or absent in other populations. A majority of the north Indian KIR gene profiles have not been seen in Caucasian and Asian populations. Most striking is a higher frequency of the B group of KIR haplotypes, resulting in equal frequencies for A and B group haplotypes in north Indians. All 72 members of the north Indian panel have different HLA genotype and different KIR genotype.