Bipartite Recognition of DNA by TCF/Pangolin Is Remarkably Flexible and Contributes to Transcriptional Responsiveness and Tissue Specificity of Wingless Signaling
Bipartite Recognition of DNA by TCF/Pangolin Is Remarkably Flexible and Contributes to Transcriptional Responsiveness and Tissue Specificity of Wingless Signaling
The T-cell factor (TCF) family of transcription factors are major mediators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in metazoans. All TCFs contain a High Mobility Group (HMG) domain that possesses specific DNA binding activity. In addition, many TCFs contain a second DNA binding domain, the C-clamp, which binds to DNA motifs referred to as Helper sites. While HMG and Helper sites are both important for the activation of several Wnt dependent cis-regulatory modules (W-CRMs), the rules of what constitutes a functional HMG-Helper site pair are unknown. In this report, we employed a combination of in vitro binding, reporter gene analysis and bioinformatics to address this question, using the Drosophila family member TCF/Pangolin (TCF/Pan) as a model. We found that while there were constraints for the orientation and spacing of HMG-Helper pairs, the presence of a Helper site near a HMG site in any orientation increased binding and transcriptional response, with some orientations displaying tissue-specific patterns. We found that altering an HMG-Helper site pair from a sub-optimal to optimal orientation/spacing dramatically increased the responsiveness of a W-CRM in several fly tissues. In addition, we used the knowledge gained to bioinformatically identify two novel W-CRMs, one that was activated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the prothoracic gland, a tissue not previously connected to this pathway. In sum, this work extends the importance of Helper sites in fly W-CRMs and suggests that the type of HMG-Helper pair is a major factor in setting the threshold for Wnt activation and tissue-responsiveness.
- University of Michigan–Ann Arbor United States
- University of Michigan–Flint United States
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor United States
- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
- University of Michigan United States
Binding Sites, Transcription, Genetic, DNA, QH426-470, Response Elements, DNA-Binding Proteins, Repressor Proteins, Organ Specificity, Genetics, Animals, Drosophila Proteins, Drosophila, Nucleotide Motifs, TCF Transcription Factors, Wnt Signaling Pathway, Cells, Cultured, beta Catenin, Research Article, Signal Transduction
Binding Sites, Transcription, Genetic, DNA, QH426-470, Response Elements, DNA-Binding Proteins, Repressor Proteins, Organ Specificity, Genetics, Animals, Drosophila Proteins, Drosophila, Nucleotide Motifs, TCF Transcription Factors, Wnt Signaling Pathway, Cells, Cultured, beta Catenin, Research Article, Signal Transduction
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