c-Src Regulates Akt Signaling in Response to Ghrelin via β-Arrestin Signaling-Independent and -Dependent Mechanisms
c-Src Regulates Akt Signaling in Response to Ghrelin via β-Arrestin Signaling-Independent and -Dependent Mechanisms
The aim of the present study was to identify the signaling mechanisms to ghrelin-stimulated activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt. In human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transfected with GHS-R1a, ghrelin leads to the activation of Akt through the interplay of distinct signaling mechanisms: an early G(i/o) protein-dependent pathway and a late pathway mediated by beta-arrestins. The starting point is the G(i/o)-protein dependent PI3K activation that leads to the membrane recruitment of Akt, which is phosphorylated at Y by c-Src with the subsequent phosphorylation at A-loop (T308) and HM (S473) by PDK1 and mTORC2, respectively. Once the receptor is activated, a second signaling pathway is mediated by beta-arrestins 1 and 2, involving the recruitment of at least beta-arrestins, c-Src and Akt. This beta-arrestin-scaffolded complex leads to full activation of Akt through PDK1 and mTORC2, which are not associated to the complex. In agreement with these results, assays performed in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells indicate that beta-arrestins and c-Src are implicated in the activation of Akt in response to ghrelin through the GHS-R1a. In summary this work reveals that c-Src is crucially involved in the ghrelin-mediated Akt activation. Furthermore, the results support the view that beta-arrestins act as both scaffolding proteins and signal transducers on Akt activation.
Arrestins, Science, Cell transient transfection, GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go, Cell Line, CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase, Mice, 3T3-L1 Cells, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, c-Src tyrosine kinase, Animals, Humans, Phosphorylation, Receptors, Ghrelin, beta-Arrestins, Q, R, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Ghrelin, Enzyme Activation, Protein Transport, src-Family Kinases, Medicine, Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293), Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Research Article, Signal Transduction
Arrestins, Science, Cell transient transfection, GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go, Cell Line, CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase, Mice, 3T3-L1 Cells, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, c-Src tyrosine kinase, Animals, Humans, Phosphorylation, Receptors, Ghrelin, beta-Arrestins, Q, R, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Ghrelin, Enzyme Activation, Protein Transport, src-Family Kinases, Medicine, Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293), Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Research Article, Signal Transduction
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