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Crystal Structure of Plasmodium knowlesi Apical Membrane Antigen 1 and Its Complex with an Invasion-Inhibitory Monoclonal Antibody

التركيب البلوري لمستضد الغشاء القمي للمتصورة المعرفية 1 ومركبته مع جسم مضاد أحادي النسيلة مثبط للغزو
Authors: B. Vulliez‐Le Normand; Bart W. Faber; F.A. Saul; Marjolein van der Eijk; Alan W. Thomas; Balbir Singh; Clemens H. M. Kocken; +1 Authors

Crystal Structure of Plasmodium knowlesi Apical Membrane Antigen 1 and Its Complex with an Invasion-Inhibitory Monoclonal Antibody

Abstract

Le parasite du paludisme Plasmodium knowlesi, auparavant associé uniquement à l'infection des macaques, est maintenant connu pour infecter également les humains et est devenu un problème de santé publique important en Asie du Sud-Est. Cette espèce devrait donc être ciblée dans les stratégies vaccinales et thérapeutiques contre le paludisme humain. L'antigène membranaire apical 1 (AMA1), qui joue un rôle dans l'invasion de l'érythrocyte par le mérozoïte de Plasmodium, est actuellement à l'étude dans des essais de vaccins humains contre P. falciparum. Des essais vaccinaux récents chez les macaques utilisant l'orthologue PkAMA1 de P. knowlesi ont montré qu'il protège contre l'infection par cette espèce parasitaire et devrait donc être développé pour la vaccination humaine également. Nous présentons ici la structure cristalline des domaines 1 et 2 de l'ectodomaine PkAMA1, et de son complexe avec l'anticorps monoclonal inhibiteur d'invasion R31C2. La boucle du domaine 2 (D2), qui est déplacée lors de la liaison du récepteur de la Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2), établit des contacts importants avec l'anticorps. La R31C2 inhibe la liaison du récepteur de la Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2) par blocage stérique du sillon hydrophobe et en empêchant le déplacement de la boucle D2 qui est essentiel pour exposer le site de liaison complet sur l'AMA1. R31C2 reconnaît un épitope non polymorphe et doit donc être réactif à la déformation croisée. PkAMA1 est beaucoup moins polymorphe que les orthologues de P. falciparum et P. vivax. Contrairement à ces deux dernières espèces, il n'y a pas de sites polymorphes à proximité du site de liaison RON2 de PkAMA1, ce qui suggère que P. knowlesi n'a pas développé de mécanisme d'échappement immunitaire de la réponse humorale de l'hôte à AMA1.

El parásito de la malaria Plasmodium knowlesi, anteriormente asociado solo con la infección de macacos, ahora se sabe que también infecta a los humanos y se ha convertido en un importante problema de salud pública en el sudeste asiático. Por lo tanto, esta especie debe ser objetivo de vacunas y estrategias terapéuticas contra la malaria humana. El antígeno de membrana apical 1 (AMA1), que desempeña un papel en la invasión de merozoitos de Plasmodium del eritrocito, se está llevando a cabo actualmente en ensayos de vacunas humanas contra P. falciparum. Ensayos recientes de vacunas en macacos utilizando el ortólogo PkAMA1 de P. knowlesi han demostrado que protege contra la infección por esta especie de parásito y, por lo tanto, también debe desarrollarse para la vacunación humana. Aquí, presentamos la estructura cristalina de los dominios 1 y 2 del ectodominio PkAMA1, y de su complejo con el anticuerpo monoclonal inhibidor de la invasión R31C2. El bucle del dominio 2 (D2), que se desplaza al unirse al receptor de la proteína 2 del cuello de Rhoptry (RON2), hace contactos significativos con el anticuerpo. R31C2 inhibe la unión del receptor de la proteína 2 del cuello de Rhoptry (RON2) mediante el bloqueo estérico del surco hidrófobo y evitando el desplazamiento del bucle D2, que es esencial para exponer el sitio de unión completo en AMA1. R31C2 reconoce un epítopo no polimórfico y, por lo tanto, debe ser reactivo entre cepas. PkAMA1 es mucho menos polimórfico que los ortólogos de P. falciparum y P. vivax. A diferencia de estas dos últimas especies, no hay sitios polimórficos cerca del sitio de unión a RON2 de PkAMA1, lo que sugiere que P. knowlesi no ha desarrollado un mecanismo de escape inmune de la respuesta humoral del huésped a AMA1.

The malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi, previously associated only with infection of macaques, is now known to infect humans as well and has become a significant public health problem in Southeast Asia. This species should therefore be targeted in vaccine and therapeutic strategies against human malaria. Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1), which plays a role in Plasmodium merozoite invasion of the erythrocyte, is currently being pursued in human vaccine trials against P. falciparum. Recent vaccine trials in macaques using the P. knowlesi orthologue PkAMA1 have shown that it protects against infection by this parasite species and thus should be developed for human vaccination as well. Here, we present the crystal structure of Domains 1 and 2 of the PkAMA1 ectodomain, and of its complex with the invasion-inhibitory monoclonal antibody R31C2. The Domain 2 (D2) loop, which is displaced upon binding the Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2) receptor, makes significant contacts with the antibody. R31C2 inhibits binding of the Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2) receptor by steric blocking of the hydrophobic groove and by preventing the displacement of the D2 loop which is essential for exposing the complete binding site on AMA1. R31C2 recognizes a non-polymorphic epitope and should thus be cross-strain reactive. PkAMA1 is much less polymorphic than the P. falciparum and P. vivax orthologues. Unlike these two latter species, there are no polymorphic sites close to the RON2-binding site of PkAMA1, suggesting that P. knowlesi has not developed a mechanism of immune escape from the host's humoral response to AMA1.

من المعروف الآن أن طفيلي الملاريا Plasmodium knowlesi، الذي كان مرتبطًا في السابق فقط بعدوى قرود المكاك، يصيب البشر أيضًا وأصبح مشكلة صحية عامة كبيرة في جنوب شرق آسيا. لذلك يجب استهداف هذا النوع في اللقاحات والاستراتيجيات العلاجية ضد الملاريا البشرية. مستضد الغشاء القمي 1 (AMA1)، الذي يلعب دورًا في غزو البلازموديوم ميروزيت للكريات الحمراء، يتم متابعته حاليًا في تجارب اللقاح البشري ضد P. falciparum. أظهرت تجارب اللقاح الأخيرة في قرود المكاك باستخدام P. knowlesi orthologue PkAMA1 أنه يحمي من العدوى بواسطة هذا النوع من الطفيليات وبالتالي يجب تطويره للتطعيم البشري أيضًا. هنا، نقدم البنية البلورية للنطاقات 1 و 2 من PkAMA1 ectodomain، ومركبها مع الجسم المضاد أحادي النسيلة المثبط للغزو R31C2. تقوم حلقة المجال 2 (D2)، التي يتم إزاحتها عند ربط مستقبلات Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2)، بإجراء تلامسات كبيرة مع الجسم المضاد. يمنع R31C2 ربط مستقبلات Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2) عن طريق الحجب التعويضي للأخدود غير الآلف للماء وعن طريق منع إزاحة حلقة D2 وهو أمر ضروري لكشف موقع الربط الكامل على AMA1. يتعرف R31C2 على الحاتمة غير متعددة الأشكال وبالتالي يجب أن يكون متفاعلًا مع السلالة المتقاطعة. PkAMA1 أقل تعدد الأشكال بكثير من P. falciparum و P. vivax orthologues. على عكس هذين النوعين الأخيرين، لا توجد مواقع متعددة الأشكال بالقرب من موقع ربط RON2 لـ PkAMA1، مما يشير إلى أن P. knowlesi لم يطور آلية للهروب المناعي من استجابة المضيف الخلطية لـ AMA1.

Keywords

Models, Molecular, Protozoan Proteins, R Medicine (General), Crystallography, X-Ray, plasmodium knowlesi, Malaria vaccine, Role of Complement System in Immune Response, Immunology and Microbiology, Molecular Structure, Q, R, Membrane, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Life Sciences, RB Pathology, Antigen, Medicine, Epitope, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Research Article, Receptor, Monoclonal antibody, 572, [SDV.BBM.BS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM], Science, Malaria Parasite, Molecular Sequence Data, Immunology, Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, Antigens, Protozoan, Snake Venom Evolution and Toxinology, Ectodomain, invasion-inhibitory monoclonal antibody, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Virology, Health Sciences, Apical membrane, Genetics, Animals, Plasmodium knowlesi, structure, Amino Acid Sequence, Biology, Antibody, Base Sequence, FOS: Clinical medicine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Membrane Proteins, Malaria, apical membrane antigen 1, FOS: Biological sciences, RS Pharmacy and materia medica, Plasmodium vivax

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
19
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