AbstractAimTo explore the relationship between estrogen metabolism enzyme gene polymorphism and susceptibility to uterine fibroids, and to seek the screening molecular markers for genetic traits in uterine fibroid populations.MethodsA total of 300 female Han Chinese patients and 300 healthy female Han Chinese volunteers in Nanjing (age range, 30–50 years) were recruited from Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University from February 2011 to March 2012. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of estrogen‐metabolizing enzyme genes from the two groups of women were examined by polymerase chain reaction denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography, which were four COMT gene loci including rs3087869, rs165774, rs165599 and rs4680, three CYP1A1 gene loci including rs1048943, rs4646421 and rs4646422, and three CYP1B1 gene loci including rs1056827, rs1056836 and rs1056837. Genotype frequencies among cases and controls were calculated and analyzed by binary logistic regression.ResultsRegression analysis of SNP showed that COMT IVS1+2329C>T (odds ratio [OR], 2.872; 95% CI, 1.690–4.882) and Val158Met (OR, 2.593; 95% CI, 1.546–4.350), CYP1A1 Ile462Val (OR, 2.383; 95% CI, 1.418–4.005) and Gly45Asp (OR, 2.489; 95% CI, 1.49–4.159), and CYP1B1 Ala119Ser (OR, 3.361; 95% CI, 2.035–5.552) and Leu432Val (OR, 0.164; 95% CI, 0.061–0.441) influenced uterine fibroids significantly (P < 0.05). Allele and genotype frequencies among cases and control were calculated and examined to match the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with the χ2‐test.ConclusionThe genetic polymorphisms of IVS1+2329C>T and Val158Met loci in COMT, Ile462Val and Gly45Asp loci in CYP1A1 and Ala119Ser loci in CYP1B1 were risk factors for uterine leiomyoma development, and Leu432Val locus in CYB1B1 may be a protective factor. The results provide a theoretical basis for genetic screening and early intervention for uterine leiomyoma‐susceptible populations.