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Identification of Novel Craniofacial Regulatory Domains Located far Upstream ofSOX9and Disrupted in Pierre Robin Sequence

Authors: I. Karen Temple; Sabina Benko; Sabina Benko; Catia Attanasio; Catia Attanasio; Christopher T. Gordon; Arnold Munnich; +18 Authors

Identification of Novel Craniofacial Regulatory Domains Located far Upstream ofSOX9and Disrupted in Pierre Robin Sequence

Abstract

Mutations in the coding sequence of SOX9 cause campomelic dysplasia (CD), a disorder of skeletal development associated with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSDs). Translocations, deletions, and duplications within a ∼2 Mb region upstream of SOX9 can recapitulate the CD-DSD phenotype fully or partially, suggesting the existence of an unusually large cis-regulatory control region. Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a craniofacial disorder that is frequently an endophenotype of CD and a locus for isolated PRS at ∼1.2-1.5 Mb upstream of SOX9 has been previously reported. The craniofacial regulatory potential within this locus, and within the greater genomic domain surrounding SOX9, remains poorly defined. We report two novel deletions upstream of SOX9 in families with PRS, allowing refinement of the regions harboring candidate craniofacial regulatory elements. In parallel, ChIP-Seq for p300 binding sites in mouse craniofacial tissue led to the identification of several novel craniofacial enhancers at the SOX9 locus, which were validated in transgenic reporter mice and zebrafish. Notably, some of the functionally validated elements fall within the PRS deletions. These studies suggest that multiple noncoding elements contribute to the craniofacial regulation of SOX9 expression, and that their disruption results in PRS.

Keywords

Adult, Male, Enhancer Elements, SOX9; craniofacial; enhancer; Pierre Robin; long-range regulation; campomelic dysplasia, Molecular Sequence Data, 610, Mice, Transgenic, Mandible, craniofacial, Chromosomes, Transgenic, Mice, Genetic, Animals, Humans, p300-CBP Transcription Factors, Child, Zebrafish, Base Sequence, Pierre Robin Syndrome, Pair 17, Campomelic Dysplasia, Pierre Robin, SOX9 Transcription Factor, Pedigree, long-range regulation, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Genetic Loci, Mutation, Female, enhancer, SOX9, campomelic dysplasia, Human, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
70
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
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bronze