Identification of Novel Craniofacial Regulatory Domains Located far Upstream ofSOX9and Disrupted in Pierre Robin Sequence
Identification of Novel Craniofacial Regulatory Domains Located far Upstream ofSOX9and Disrupted in Pierre Robin Sequence
Mutations in the coding sequence of SOX9 cause campomelic dysplasia (CD), a disorder of skeletal development associated with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSDs). Translocations, deletions, and duplications within a ∼2 Mb region upstream of SOX9 can recapitulate the CD-DSD phenotype fully or partially, suggesting the existence of an unusually large cis-regulatory control region. Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a craniofacial disorder that is frequently an endophenotype of CD and a locus for isolated PRS at ∼1.2-1.5 Mb upstream of SOX9 has been previously reported. The craniofacial regulatory potential within this locus, and within the greater genomic domain surrounding SOX9, remains poorly defined. We report two novel deletions upstream of SOX9 in families with PRS, allowing refinement of the regions harboring candidate craniofacial regulatory elements. In parallel, ChIP-Seq for p300 binding sites in mouse craniofacial tissue led to the identification of several novel craniofacial enhancers at the SOX9 locus, which were validated in transgenic reporter mice and zebrafish. Notably, some of the functionally validated elements fall within the PRS deletions. These studies suggest that multiple noncoding elements contribute to the craniofacial regulation of SOX9 expression, and that their disruption results in PRS.
- UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES France
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory United States
- Medical Research Council United Kingdom
- Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases France
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer United Kingdom
Adult, Male, Enhancer Elements, SOX9; craniofacial; enhancer; Pierre Robin; long-range regulation; campomelic dysplasia, Molecular Sequence Data, 610, Mice, Transgenic, Mandible, craniofacial, Chromosomes, Transgenic, Mice, Genetic, Animals, Humans, p300-CBP Transcription Factors, Child, Zebrafish, Base Sequence, Pierre Robin Syndrome, Pair 17, Campomelic Dysplasia, Pierre Robin, SOX9 Transcription Factor, Pedigree, long-range regulation, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Genetic Loci, Mutation, Female, enhancer, SOX9, campomelic dysplasia, Human, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
Adult, Male, Enhancer Elements, SOX9; craniofacial; enhancer; Pierre Robin; long-range regulation; campomelic dysplasia, Molecular Sequence Data, 610, Mice, Transgenic, Mandible, craniofacial, Chromosomes, Transgenic, Mice, Genetic, Animals, Humans, p300-CBP Transcription Factors, Child, Zebrafish, Base Sequence, Pierre Robin Syndrome, Pair 17, Campomelic Dysplasia, Pierre Robin, SOX9 Transcription Factor, Pedigree, long-range regulation, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Genetic Loci, Mutation, Female, enhancer, SOX9, campomelic dysplasia, Human, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
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