De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome
Copyright policy )De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome
Activating mutations in genes encoding phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway components cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome (MPPH, OMIM 603387). Here we report that individuals with MPPH lacking upstream PI3K-AKT pathway mutations carry de novo mutations in CCND2 (encoding cyclin D2) that are clustered around a residue that can be phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). Mutant CCND2 was resistant to proteasomal degradation in vitro compared to wild-type CCND2. The PI3K-AKT pathway modulates GSK-3β activity, and cells from individuals with PIK3CA, PIK3R2 or AKT3 mutations showed similar CCND2 accumulation. CCND2 was expressed at higher levels in brains of mouse embryos expressing activated AKT3. In utero electroporation of mutant CCND2 into embryonic mouse brains produced more proliferating transfected progenitors and a smaller fraction of progenitors exiting the cell cycle compared to cells electroporated with wild-type CCND2. These observations suggest that cyclin D2 stabilization, caused by CCND2 mutation or PI3K-AKT activation, is a unifying mechanism in PI3K-AKT-related megalencephaly syndromes.
- University of Ottawa Canada
- University of British Columbia Canada
- University of Mary United States
- McGill University Canada
- Essen University Hospital Germany
Blotting, Western, Molecular Sequence Data, Medizin, Medical and Health Sciences, Fluorescence, Article, Mice, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Site-Directed, Animals, Cyclin D2, Humans, Abnormalities, Multiple, Exome, Aetiology, EMC MGC-02-96-01, Pediatric, Microscopy, Base Sequence, Blotting, DNA, Syndrome, Biological Sciences, FORGE Canada Consortium, Immunohistochemistry, Megalencephaly, Malformations of Cortical Development, Polydactyly, Electroporation, HEK293 Cells, Bromodeoxyuridine, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Mutagenesis, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Female, Abnormalities, Multiple, Western, Sequence Analysis, Developmental Biology, Hydrocephalus
Blotting, Western, Molecular Sequence Data, Medizin, Medical and Health Sciences, Fluorescence, Article, Mice, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Site-Directed, Animals, Cyclin D2, Humans, Abnormalities, Multiple, Exome, Aetiology, EMC MGC-02-96-01, Pediatric, Microscopy, Base Sequence, Blotting, DNA, Syndrome, Biological Sciences, FORGE Canada Consortium, Immunohistochemistry, Megalencephaly, Malformations of Cortical Development, Polydactyly, Electroporation, HEK293 Cells, Bromodeoxyuridine, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Mutagenesis, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Female, Abnormalities, Multiple, Western, Sequence Analysis, Developmental Biology, Hydrocephalus
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