AbstractMyotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults. It is caused by the excessive expansion of noncoding CTG repeats, which when transcribed affects the functions of RNA‐binding factors with adverse effects on alternative splicing, processing, and stability of a large set of muscular and cardiac transcripts. Among these effects, inefficient processing and down‐regulation of muscle‐ and heart‐specific miRNA, miR‐1, have been reported in DM1 patients, but the impact of reduced miR‐1 on DM1 pathogenesis has been unknown. Here, we use Drosophila DM1 models to explore the role of miR‐1 in cardiac dysfunction in DM1. We show that miR‐1 down‐regulation in the heart leads to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a DM1‐associated phenotype. We combined in silico screening for miR‐1 targets with transcriptional profiling of DM1 cardiac cells to identify miR‐1 target genes with potential roles in DCM. We identify Multiplexin (Mp) as a new cardiac miR‐1 target involved in DM1. Mp encodes a collagen protein involved in cardiac tube formation in Drosophila. Mp and its human ortholog Col15A1 are both highly enriched in cardiac cells of DCM‐developing DM1 flies and in heart samples from DM1 patients with DCM, respectively. When overexpressed in the heart, Mp induces DCM, whereas its attenuation rescues the DCM phenotype of aged DM1 flies. Reduced levels of miR‐1 and consecutive up‐regulation of its target Mp/Col15A1 might be critical in DM1‐associated DCM.