There is a growing body of evidence that deficiency of DNA mismatch repair proteins other than O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) also contributes to glioblastoma recurrence. We examined the protein expression of MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 in paired initial and recurrent glioblastoma and compared the results to the Ki67 proliferation index and patient survival.Forty-two patients were included who met the following inclusion criteria: (1) histologically confirmed primary glioblastoma; (2) total tumour resection at initial craniotomy; (3) re-craniotomy for recurrence. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using specific monoclonal antibodies against MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and Ki67. Chi-square test, Wilcoxon test and log-rank test (Cox-Mantel) were used for statistical analysis.In recurrent tumours, MLH1 expression was significantly reduced. MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 expression in initial lesions was significantly associated with the Ki67 proliferation index. MLH1 and MSH2 expression in recurrent lesions was also significantly associated with the Ki67 proliferation index. MLH1 and MSH6 positivities in initial lesions were indicators of reduced patient survival.Our results indicate a potential important role of MLH1 and MSH6 in glioblastoma progression. Specific attention should be given on the role of MLH1 and MSH6 in patients with glioblastoma recurrence during temozolomide treatment.