GSK3-like kinases positively modulate abscisic acid signaling through phosphorylating subgroup III SnRK2s in Arabidopsis
GSK3-like kinases positively modulate abscisic acid signaling through phosphorylating subgroup III SnRK2s in Arabidopsis
Significance Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key stress-responsive hormone. Subgroup III Snf1-related kinase 2s (SnRK2s) are crucial positive regulators in ABA signaling pathway, but it is still not clear how SnRK2s are activated. In addition, besides ABA, some abiotic stresses can also activate SnRK2s with unknown mechanisms. Here we provide several lines of evidence to strongly support that brassinosteroid insensitive 2, a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinase, interacts with and phosphorylates SnRK2s on specific novel sites to activate SnRK2s, which provides significant insights into the function of GSK3-like kinases in ABA signaling and transactivation of SnRK2s. Moreover, many GSK3-like kinases are regulated at transcriptional and/or posttranslational levels by many abiotic stresses, implying the presence of direct regulation of ABA signaling by other abiotic stresses.
- Fudan University China (People's Republic of)
- Huazhong Agricultural University China (People's Republic of)
- Michigan Technological University United States
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering China (People's Republic of)
- University of Turku Finland
Arabidopsis Proteins, ta1183, Arabidopsis, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, RNA Interference, Phosphorylation, Abscisic Acid, Signal Transduction
Arabidopsis Proteins, ta1183, Arabidopsis, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, RNA Interference, Phosphorylation, Abscisic Acid, Signal Transduction
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