Symmetry breaking and polarization of the C. elegans zygote by the polarity protein PAR-2
Symmetry breaking and polarization of the C. elegans zygote by the polarity protein PAR-2
Polarization of the C. elegans zygote is initiated by ECT-2-dependent cortical flows, which mobilize the anterior PAR proteins (PAR-3, PAR-6 and PKC-3) away from the future posterior end of the embryo marked by the sperm centrosome. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a second, parallel and redundant pathway that can polarize the zygote in the absence of ECT-2-dependent cortical flows. This second pathway depends on the polarity protein PAR-2. We show that PAR-2 localizes to the cortex nearest the sperm centrosome even in the absence of cortical flows. Once on the cortex, PAR-2 antagonizes PAR-3-dependent recruitment of myosin, creating myosin flows that transport the anterior PAR complex away from PAR-2 in a positive-feedback loop. We propose that polarity in the C. elegans zygote is initiated by redundant ECT-2- and PAR-2-dependent mechanisms that lower PAR-3 levels locally, triggering a positive-feedback loop that polarizes the entire cortex.
- Johns Hopkins University United States
- Johns Hopkins Medicine United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute United States
Embryo, Nonmammalian, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Zygote, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Cell Polarity, Animals, Genetically Modified, Animals, Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors, Amino Acid Sequence, Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, Alleles, Genes, Helminth, Body Patterning, Signal Transduction
Embryo, Nonmammalian, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Zygote, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Cell Polarity, Animals, Genetically Modified, Animals, Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors, Amino Acid Sequence, Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, Alleles, Genes, Helminth, Body Patterning, Signal Transduction
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