Regulation of autophagy during ECM detachment is linked to a selective inhibition of mTORC1 by PERK
Regulation of autophagy during ECM detachment is linked to a selective inhibition of mTORC1 by PERK
Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for epithelial tissue homeostasis and function. ECM detachment induces metabolic stress and programmed cell death via anoikis. ECM-detached mammary epithelial cells are able to rapidly activate autophagy allowing for survival and an opportunity for re-attachment. However, the mechanisms controlling detachment-induced autophagy remain unclear. Here we uncover that the kinase PERK rapidly promotes autophagy in ECM-detached cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), resulting in downstream inhibition of mTORC1-p70(S6K) signaling. LKB1 and TSC2, but not TSC1, are required for PERK-mediated inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycinin MCF10A cells and mouse embryo fibroblast cells. Importantly, this pathway shows fast kinetics, is transcription-independent and is exclusively activated during ECM detachment, but not by canonical endoplasmic reticulum stressors. Moreover, enforced PERK or AMPK activation upregulates autophagy and causes luminal filling during acinar morphogenesis by perpetuating a population of surviving autophagic luminal cells that resist anoikis. Hence, we identify a novel pathway in which suspension-activated PERK promotes the activation of LKB1, AMPK and TSC2, leading to the rapid induction of detachment-induced autophagy. We propose that increased autophagy, secondary to persistent PERK and LKB1-AMPK signaling, can robustly protect cells from anoikis and promote luminal filling during early carcinoma progression.
- University of California, San Francisco United States
- Harvard University United States
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center United States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai United States
- Tisch Cancer Institute United States
Organogenesis, Mammary Neoplasms, Animal, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Cell Line, eIF-2 Kinase, Mice, Mammary Glands, Animal, Cell Line, Tumor, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein, Autophagy, Cell Adhesion, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Lactation, Tumor, Animal, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, Mammary Neoplasms, Mammary Glands, Extracellular Matrix, Multiprotein Complexes, Disease Progression, Female, Signal Transduction
Organogenesis, Mammary Neoplasms, Animal, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Cell Line, eIF-2 Kinase, Mice, Mammary Glands, Animal, Cell Line, Tumor, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein, Autophagy, Cell Adhesion, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Lactation, Tumor, Animal, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, Mammary Neoplasms, Mammary Glands, Extracellular Matrix, Multiprotein Complexes, Disease Progression, Female, Signal Transduction
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