AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that only the two neurotrophins and their cognate receptors are necessary for the support of the inner ear innervation. However, detailed analyses of patterns of innervation in various combinations of neurotrophin receptor mutants are lacking. We provide here such an analysis of the distribution of afferent and efferent fibers to the ear in various combinations of neurotrophin receptor mutants using the lipophilic tracer DiI. In the vestibular system, trkC+/− heterozygosity aggravates the trkB−/− mutation effect and causes almost complete loss of vestibular neurons. In the cochlea innervation, various mutations are each characterized by specific topological absence of spiral neurons in Rosenthals canal of the cochlea. trkC−/− mutation alone or in combination with trkB+/− heterozygosity causes absence of all basal turn spiral neurons and afferent fibers extend from the middle turn to the basal turn along inner hair cells with little or no contribution to outer hair cells. Both types of basal turn spiral neurons appear to develop and project via radial fibers to inner and, more sparingly, outer hair cells. Simple trkB−/− mutations show a reduction of fibers to outer hair cells in the apex and, less obvious, in the basal turn. Basal turn spiral neurons may be the only neurons present at birth in the cochlea of a trkB−/− mutant mouse combined with trkC+/− heterozygosity. In addition, the trkB−/− mutation combined with trkC+/− heterozygosity has a patchy and variable loss of middle turn spiral neurons in mice of different litters. Comparisons of patterns of innervation of afferent and efferent fibers show a striking similarity of absence of fibers to topologically corresponding areas. For example, in trkC−/− mutants afferents reach the basal turn, spiraling along the cochlea, rather than through radial fibers and efferent fibers follow the same pathway rather than emanating from intraganglionic spiral fibers. The data presented suggest that there are regional specific effects with some bias towards a specific spiral ganglion type : trkC is essential for support of basal turn spiral neurons whereas trkB appears to be more important for middle and apical turn spiral neurons.