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https://dx.doi.org/10.17192/z2...
Doctoral thesis . 2010
Data sources: Datacite
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Regulation der Transkription und Translation von Mst77F und der Protamine und die Funktion der Protamine während der Spermiogenese von Drosophila

Transcrptional and translational regulation of Mst77F and the protamines and the function of protamines during Drosophila spermatogenesis
Authors: Barckmann, Bridlin;

Regulation der Transkription und Translation von Mst77F und der Protamine und die Funktion der Protamine während der Spermiogenese von Drosophila

Abstract

Während der Spermatogenese werden aus diploiden Zellen hochspezialisierte, bewegliche, haploide Spermien zur Fertilisation der Eizelle gebildet. Die grundlegenden Merkmale des Prozesses sind dabei zwischen Drosophila und Säugern konserviert. Im Spermatozyten-Stadium der Spermatogenese wird ein hochspezialisiertes Transkriptionsprogramm gestartet, wobei viele Gene einmalig in der Entwicklung abgelesen werden. Zusätzlich werden alle postmeiotisch in der Spermiogenese benötigten Gene transkribiert, da nach der Meiose die Transkription nahezu stoppt. Die mRNA dieser Gene wird über den 5´UTR translational reprimiert. Jene mRNAs werden in Drosophila von einem paralogen TFIID-Komplex transkribiert, der testisspezifische TAFs, die tTAF, enthält. Es konnte mit Anti-Sa- ChIPs gezeigt werden, dass die Transkription von ProtA, ProtB, und Mst77F, den Hauptkomponenten des Chromatins im reifen Spermium, direkt von den tTAFs abhängig ist. Wo die translational reprimierten mRNAs in der Zelle gespeichert werden, ist in Drosophila noch völlig unbekannt, deshalb wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zwei Systeme, das MS2cp/MS2sl-System und das lN/BoxB-System, zur in vivo Lokalisation von mRNAs etabliert. Während der Bildung der Spermien kommt es zur Reorganisation des Chromatins. Dabei werden in Drosophila und in Säugern die Histone zuerst durch Transitionsproteine, und in einem weiteren Schritt durch Protamine ersetzt. Der Sinn dieser Umorganisation ist noch unklar, und die haploinsuffizienten Protamingene in Mäusen und Menschen können hier keine Antwort geben. Deshalb wurde in dieserArbeit eine Deletion der Protamingene ProtA und ProtB in Drosophila erzeugt (protD), protD-Männchen sind überraschenderweise fertil. Nur etwa 20% der späten Spermatidenkerne weisen einen morphologischen Defekt auf, die Kerne sind korrektgeformt, aber verkrumpelt oder verbogen. Charakteristika der Spermatogenese, wie die Bildung weitere chromatinorganisierender Proteine und das Auftreten der DNABrüche während der Chromatinreorganisation, sind von der Synthese der Protamine unabhängig. Jedoch sind protamindefiziente Spermien um 20% sensitiver gegenüber Röntgenstrahlung. Das unterstützt die Hypothese, dass die Protamine das exponierte Genom in Spermium vor mutagenen Einflüssen schützt.

During spermatogensis dipolid germ cell are transfered into highly specialised sperm cells. The major features of this process is conserved between Drosophila and mammales. During the spermatocyte stage the cells start a highly specialised transcriptional progamm during which lots of genes are activated the first and only time during development. Additionally all postmeiotic expressed genes are transcribed during this stage, because of a lack of transcription in postmeiotic stages. The mRNA of these Genes has to be translational repressed over their 5´UTR. These translational repressed mRNAs are transcribed with an testis specific paralog TFIID complex including also testis specific TAFs, the tTAFS. Here we could show with anti-sa ChIPs that the expression of Mst77F and protA abd protB is directly dependent on these tTAFs. Where these translational repressed mRNAs are stored in the cell is completly unknown. We established therefor tow systems, the MS2cp/MS2sl-system and the lN/BoxB-system for in vivo localisation of these mRNAs. During sperm formation the chromatin of the spermatids is reorganised. In Drosophila as well as in mammals the histones are exchanged by transition proteins and in an next step by protamines. hte biological reason for this rearrangment is completly unkown. Terefore, we generated a deletion including both protamine genes (prot Delta) and observed that in Drosophila, protamine genes are not haploinsufficient in contrast to those of mice and humans. Moreover, we show that in prot Delta mutants, histone degradation, distribution of DNA breaks and Tpl(94D)-eGFP and Mst77F expression proceed as in wild-type males. Surprisingly, in homozygous prot Delta mutants, males are fertile and sperm are motile, while about 20% of sperm show abnormally shaped nuclei. The latter phenotype can be rescued by supplying protamine-eGFP but not by supplying Mst77F-eGFP. Finally, we demonstrate a 21% increase in X-ray-induced mutation rate of prot Delta sperm. These data support the long-standing hypothesis that the switch from a histone- to protamine-based chromatin protects the paternal genome from mutagens.

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Keywords

570, chromatin reorganisation,, Mst77F, Transkriptionale Regualtion, 830, Protamine, tTAF, male fertitlty, Chromatin Reorganisation, male fertitlty ; Spermatogenese ; Transkriptionale Regualtion ; Männliche Fertilität ; trancriptional regulation ; spermatogenesis ; Protamine ; chromatin reorganisation ; tTAF ; Drosophila ; Mst77F ; Chromatin Reorganisation ; protamines ; 2009, protamines, Life sciences -- Biowissenschaften, Biologie, Life sciences, spermatogenesis, trancriptional regulation, Biowissenschaften, Biologie, Biowissenschaften, Spermatogenese, Drosophila, ddc:570, Männliche Fertilität, Biologie, ddc: ddc:570

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This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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