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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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IκB kinase ε and TANK-binding kinase 1 activate AKT by direct phosphorylation

Authors: X. Xie; D. Zhang; B. Zhao; M. Lu; M. You; G. Condorelli; C. Wang; +1 Authors

IκB kinase ε and TANK-binding kinase 1 activate AKT by direct phosphorylation

Abstract

AKT activation requires phosphorylation of the activation loop (T308) by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) and the hydrophobic motif (S473) by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). We recently observed that phosphorylation of the AKT hydrophobic motif was dramatically elevated, rather than decreased, in mTOR knockout heart tissues, indicating the existence of other kinase(s) contributing to AKT phosphorylation. Here we show that the atypical IκB kinase ε and TANK-binding kinase 1 (IKKε/TBK1) phosphorylate AKT on both the hydrophobic motif and the activation loop in a manner dependent on PI3K signaling. This dual phosphorylation results in a robust AKT activation in vitro. Consistently, we found that growth factors can induce AKT (S473) phosphorylation in Rictor −/− cells, and this effect is insensitive to mTOR inhibitor Torin1. In IKKε/TBK1 double-knockout cells, AKT activation by growth factors is compromised. We also observed that TBK1 expression is elevated in the mTOR knockout heart tissues, and that TBK1 is required for Ras-induced mouse embryonic fibroblast transformation. Our observations suggest a physiological function of IKKε/TBK1 in AKT regulation and a possible mechanism of IKKε/TBK1 in oncogenesis by activating AKT.

Keywords

Mice, Knockout, Myocardium, Amino Acid Motifs, Mutation, Missense, Fibroblasts, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, I-kappa B Kinase, Enzyme Activation, Mice, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, HEK293 Cells, Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion of mTOR Protein, Cancer; IKK-related protein kinase; Protein kinase B, Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, Humans, Naphthyridines, Phosphorylation, Carrier Proteins, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, HeLa Cells

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
202
Top 1%
Top 10%
Top 1%
bronze
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