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International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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PubMed Central
Other literature type . 2021
License: CC BY
Data sources: PubMed Central
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Characterization of an Atypical Trypanosoma brucei Hsp70 Demonstrates Its Cytosolic-Nuclear Localization and Modulation by Quercetin and Methylene Blue

Authors: Adélle Burger; Paula Macucule-Tinga; Stephen John Bentley; Michael Hans Ludewig; Ndumiso Nhlakanipho Mhlongo; Addmore Shonhai; Aileen Boshoff;

Characterization of an Atypical Trypanosoma brucei Hsp70 Demonstrates Its Cytosolic-Nuclear Localization and Modulation by Quercetin and Methylene Blue

Abstract

Trypanosoma brucei (Tb) harbours twelve Hsp70 chaperones. Of these, four are predicted to reside in the parasite cytosol. TbHsp70.c is predicted to be cytosolic and upregulated upon heat stress and is an ATPase that exhibits holdase chaperone function. Cytosol-localized Tbj2 stimulates the ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. In the current study, immunofluorescence confirmed that TbHsp70.c is both a cytosolic and a nuclear protein. Furthermore, in silico analysis was used to elucidate an atypical linker and hydrophobic pocket. Tellingly, TbHsp70.c lacks the EEVD and GGMP motifs, both of which are implicated in substrate selectivity and co-chaperone binding in canonical Hsp70s. Far western analysis revealed that TbSTi1 interacts directly with TbHsp70 and TbHsp70.4, but does not bind TbHsp70.c. We further investigated the effect of quercetin and methylene blue on the Tbj2-driven ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. We established that quercetin inhibited, whilst methylene blue enhanced, the Tbj2-stimulated ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. Furthermore, these inhibitors were lethal to parasites. Lastly, we used molecular docking to show that quercetin and methylene blue may bind the nucleotide binding pocket of TbHsp70.c. Our findings suggest that small molecule inhibitors that target TbHsp70.c could be developed to serve as possible drug candidates against T. brucei.

Keywords

Models, Molecular, <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>, TbHsp70, Protein Conformation, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Protozoan Proteins, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, ATPase activity, Article, quercetin, Structure-Activity Relationship, Cytosol, chaperone, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins, TbSTi1, Amino Acid Sequence, Cell Nucleus, TbHsp70.c, Binding Sites, Staining and Labeling, Tbj2, Methylene Blue, Protein Transport, methylene blue, Quercetin, Molecular Chaperones, Protein Binding

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
5
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
gold