AbstractMitoribosomes consist of ribosomal RNA and protein components, coordinated assembly of which is critical for function. We used mitoribosomes with reduced RNA and increased protein mass fromTrypanosoma brucei, to provide insights into the biogenesis of mitoribosomal large subunit. Structural characterisation of a stable assembly intermediate revealed 22 assembly factors, some of which are also encoded in mammalian genomes. The assembly factors form a protein network that spans over 180 Å, shielding the ribosomal RNA surface. The entire central protuberance and L7/L12 stalk are not assembled, and require removal of the factors and remodeling of the mitoribosomal proteins to become functional. The conserved proteins GTPBP7 and mt-EngA are bound together at the subunit interface in proximity to the peptidyl transferase center. A mitochondrial acyl-carrier protein plays a role in docking the L1 stalk which needs to be repositioned during maturation. Additional enzymatically deactivated factors scaffold the assembly, while the exit tunnel is blocked. Together, the extensive network of the factors stabilizes the immature sites and connects the functionally important regions of the mitoribosomal large subunit.