AbstractBackground & AimsChondroitin‐glucuronate C5‐epimerase is an enzyme that converts D‐glucuronic acid to L‐iduronic acid residues in dermatan sulphate biosynthesis. It is also identified to be a tumour‐associated antigen recognized by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and its enhanced expression in many cancers has been reported. In the present study, we investigated the usefulness of this molecule as an immunotherapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsThe expression of chondroitin‐glucuronate C5‐epimerase in hepatoma cell lines and HCC tissues was confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analysis. CTL responses were investigated by several immunological techniques using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes. To determine the safety of immunotherapy using chondroitin‐glucuronate C5‐epimerase‐derived peptide, 12 patients with HCC were administered s.c. vaccinations of the peptides and analysed.ResultsChondroitin‐glucuronate C5‐epimerase was expressed in HCC cell lines and human tissues including alpha‐foetoprotein (AFP)‐negative individuals. Chondroitin‐glucuronate C5‐epimerase‐specific CTLs could be generated by stimulating PBMCs of HCC patients with peptides and they showed cytotoxicity against HCC cells expressing the protein. The frequency of CTL precursors investigated by enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay was 0–34 cells/3 × 105 PBMCs and the infiltration of interferon‐gamma‐producing CTLs into the tumour site was confirmed. In the vaccination study, no severe adverse events were observed and the peptide‐specific CTLs were induced in 4 of 12 patients tested.ConclusionsChondroitin‐glucuronate C5‐epimerase is a potential candidate for tumour antigen with immunogenicity and the peptides derived from this antigen could be useful in HCC immunotherapy.