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SARS-CoV-2 S2P spike ages through distinct states with altered immunogenicity

Authors: Adam S. Olia; Yaroslav Tsybovsky; Steven J. Chen; Cuiping Liu; Alexandra F. Nazzari; Li Ou; Lingshu Wang; +12 Authors

SARS-CoV-2 S2P spike ages through distinct states with altered immunogenicity

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 spike is the primary target of virus-neutralizing antibodies and critical to the development of effective vaccines against COVID-19. Here, we demonstrate that the prefusion-stabilized two-proline "S2P" spike-widely employed for laboratory work and clinical studies-unfolds when stored at 4 °C, physiological pH, as observed by electron microscopy (EM) and differential scanning calorimetry, but that its trimeric, native-like conformation can be reacquired by low pH treatment. When stored for approximately 1 week, this unfolding does not significantly alter antigenic characteristics; however, longer storage diminishes antibody binding, and month-old spike elicits virtually no neutralization in mice despite inducing high ELISA-binding titers. Cryo-EM structures reveal the folded fraction of spike to decrease with aging; however, its structure remains largely similar, although with varying mobility of the receptor-binding domain. Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 spike is susceptible to unfolding, which affects immunogenicity, highlighting the need to monitor its integrity.

Keywords

Mice, Inbred BALB C, Time Factors, Calorimetry, Differential Scanning, SARS-CoV-2, Cryoelectron Microscopy, COVID-19, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Mice, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Animals, Humans, Female, Research Article, Protein Unfolding

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    14
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
14
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
gold