Abstract Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) plays a major role in the inhibition of STAT1-mediated responses. STAT1-dependent responses are critical for resistance against infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. We studied the regulation of expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3, and the role of SOCS1 during infection with C. pneumoniae in mice. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and dendritic cells in vitro or lungs in vivo all showed enhanced STAT1-dependent SOCS1 mRNA accumulation after infection with C. pneumoniae. Infection-increased SOCS1 mRNA levels were dependent on IFN-αβ but not on IFN-γ. T or B cells were not required for SOCS1 mRNA accumulation in vivo. Infection-induced STAT1-phosphorylation occurred more rapidly in SOCS1−/− BMM. In agreement, expression of IFN-γ responsive genes, but not IL-1β, IL-6, or TNF-α were relatively increased in C. pneumoniae-infected SOCS1−/− BMM. Surprisingly, C. pneumoniae infection-induced IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ expression in BMM were attenuated by SOCS1. C. pneumoniae infection of RAG1−/−/SOCS1−/− mice induced a rapid lethal inflammation, accompanied by diminished pulmonary bacterial load and increased levels of iNOS and IDO but not IL-1β, IL-6, or TNF-α mRNA. In summary, C. pneumoniae infection induces a STAT1, IFN-αβ-dependent and IFN-γ independent SOCS1 mRNA accumulation. Presence of SOCS1 controls the infection-induced lethal inflammatory disease but impairs the bacterial control.