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The role of tra2-beta1 in regulation of alternative splicing and translation

Authors: Kelemen, Olga;

The role of tra2-beta1 in regulation of alternative splicing and translation

Abstract

Alternatives mRNA Splicen ist ein Schlüsselmechanismus zur Erhöhung der funktionellen Komplexität eukaryotischer Zellen. Fehlregulierte Splicing-Ereignisse stellen die Ursache für ein breites Spektrum menschlicher Erkrankungen dar. Spinale Muskelatrophie (SMA) wird durch den Verlust des SMN1-Gens (Survival of Motoneuron 1) verursacht. Ein therapeutischer Ansatz zur Behandlung von SMA besteht in der Förderung der Inklusion von Exon 7 des beinahe identischen SMN2-Gens (Survival of Motoneuron 2). Humanes tra2-beta1 spielt eine wichtige Rolle in konstitutivem sowie alternativem Splicen. Der Splicing-Faktor fördert die Inklusion von SMN2 Exon 7 und wird von PP1 (Protein Phosphatase 1) antagonisiert. Hierbei könnte die reversible Phosphorylierung bestimmter Serin/Threonin-Reste die Wahl der Splicing-Stelle beeinflussen. Der erste Teil dieser Studie zielte deshalb auf die phosphorylierungsabhängige Regulation von tra2-beta1 durch PP1. Um relevante PP1 Phosphorylierungsstellen zu identifizieren wurde eine Reihe von phosphorylierungsspezifischen Antikörpern entwickelt. Mit Hilfe dieser phosphorylierungsspezifischen Antikörper konnte gezeigt werden, dass Pseudocantharidine als Phosphatase-Aktivitätsmodulatoren eine Dephosphorylierung von tra2-beta1 Threonine-33 bewirken, welche wiederum die Inklusion von Exon 7 nach sich zieht. Weitere Experimente zur Interaktion von tra2-beta1 und PP1 deuten auf eine, durch PP1 stimulierte, Bildung eines tra2-beta1-RNA Komplexes hin. Dieser Befund indiziert, dass PP1, über seine Phosphataseaktivität hinausgehend, Tra2-beta1 auch katalytisch unabhängig regulieren könnte. Tra2-beta1 ist überwiegend im Nucleus lokalisiert. Unter Stressbedingungen ändert es jedoch seine Lokalisierung und akkumuliert im Cytoplasma, wodurch seine Funktion möglicherweise nicht auf nucleäres pre-mRNA-Splicing beschränkt ist. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit der cytoplasmatischen Rolle von tra2-beta1. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Tra2-beta1 an 18S-rRNA bindet und die Translation einer Reporter-mRNA stimuliert, welche ein entsprechendes Tra2-beta1-Bindemotiv aufweist. Hypoxia-Studien zeigten außerdem, dass die Translation einer Tra2-beta abhängigen mRNA unter diesen Bedingungen erhöht ist. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf eine regulative Beteiligung von Tra2-beta1 an der mRNA-Translation hin Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is one of the key mechanisms to increase functional complexity in eukaryotic cells. Mis-regulated splicing events result in a wide range of human diseases. Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by the loss of the SMN1 (survival of motoneuron 1) gene. A therapeutic approach to treat SMA is to promote exon 7 inclusion of the almost identical SMN2 (survival of motoneuron 2) gene. Human tra2-beta1 plays an important role in constitutive and alternative splicing. This splicing factor promotes inclusion of SMN2 exon 7 and is antagonized by PP1 (protein phosphatase 1). Reversible phosphorylation of tra2-beta1 at specific serine/threonine residues could influence the splice site selection. The first part of this study therefore aimed at the phosphorylation dependent regulation of tra2-beta1 by PP1. In order to identify relevant PP1 phosphorylation sites a set of phosphorylation-specific antibodies was developed. Using these phosphorylation-specific antibodies it could be demonstrated that Pseudocantharidins, modulators of protein phosphatase activities, cause dephosphorylation of Threonine-33 of tra2-beta1, which in turn promotes SMN2 exon 7 inclusion. Further experiments on tra2-beta1-PP1 interaction suggest that PP1 stimulates the formation of tra2-beta1-RNA complex. This finding indicates that PP1 in addition to its phosphatase activity could regulate tra2-beta1 in a catalytically independent manner. Tra2-beta1 is predominantly located in the nucleus. Under stress conditions it changes its localization and accumulates in the cytoplasm suggesting that its function may not be limited to nuclear pre-mRNA splicing. The second part of this study focused on the cytoplasmic role of tra2-beta1. Here, tra2-beta1 was shown to bind to the 18S rRNA and to activate the translation of a reporter containing its binding motif. Hypoxia studies moreover demonstrated that translation of a tra2-beta1-dependent reporter mRNA is enhanced under these conditions. These results indicate an involvement of tra2-beta1 in the regulation of mRNA translation.

Related Organizations
Keywords

Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Splicing, ddc: ddc:570

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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