The kippah is a powerful symbol of Judaism. However, as many Jews hide their kippah to avoid discrimination, it increasingly signifies anxieties surrounding the vulnerability of Jewish minorities. This project takes a material religious form, the kippah, as an entry point into the study of ethno-religious inclusion and exclusion in pluralist societies. By researching “kippah controversies” from the 19th-century to today – in transnational Jewish settings across North America, Europe, and Israel – the project explores how the kippah became a marker of Jewishness, how different Jewish groups contest its meaning, and how it shapes ongoing debates over Jewish in/visibility.