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FlyHy

Flame dynamics and stabilization for direct hydrogen injection in linear and annular combustion systems
Funder: French National Research Agency (ANR)Project code: ANR-21-CE05-0008
Funder Contribution: 253,209 EUR
Description

Aviation is currently responsible for 2% of global CO2 emissions but its impact is growing. For the moment, and for the coming years too, the energy density of battery storage is still too low for commercial aviation applications; it will therefore be necessary to keep on using combustion in gas turbines, which have an excellent power-to-weight ratio. Consequently, the fuel will have to be decarbonized. Among the different candidates, hydrogen gas H2 has interesting properties: it can be produced by water electrolysis without CO2 emissions, has a high calorific value by mass and does not contain carbon, which prevents the emission of pollutants such as carbon monoxide or soot particles. However, the combustion of hydrogen in an aeronautical type chamber presents several challenges. On the one hand, because of its high flame speed, combustion in premixed mode becomes sensitive to the flashback phenomenon, which can raise safety issues. On the other hand, its relatively high combustion temperature may enhance the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx), a toxic pollutant. In addition, flames can be subject to thermo-acoustic instabilities during which the flame heat release couples with the acoustics of the combustion chamber, creating a resonance phenomenon that can lead to the extinction or destruction of the engine. The FlyHy project aims to provide the building blocks to overcome these obstacles by studying the stabilization of hydrogen-air flames in industrially-relevant injection configurations and geometries. For this, it relies on an existing experimental platform, named X-ICCA, located at EM2C laboratory. This platform consists of three experimental rigs of increasing complexity allowing the same injection system to operate at different scales. The first one, SICCA, is based on a single injector and allows to study the behavior of an isolated flame. TICCA has three aligned injectors to provide a more realistic environment for the central flame and to study the interactions between flames. Finally, MICCA presents the annular shape of aeronautical combustion chambers and sixteen injectors are used. These three rigs have been used to study premixed propane-air flames as well as spray flames from kerosene-like liquid fuels. The FlyHy project is split in 4 scientific tasks. The first one consists in designing an injector based on the principle of direct hydrogen injection and to characterize it in SICCA. Resistance to flashback, NOx production and response to acoustic solicitations (through the concept of flame describing function, FDF) will be investigated. The second task aims at studying the possible differences in stabilization and FDF due to the presence of surrounding flames. It will be based on the TICCA rig equipped with the injector developed in task 1. Tasks 3 and 4 are based on MICCA and can potentially be carried out in parallel. The third task aims at analyzing azimuthal thermo-acoustic instabilities associated with the circumference of the combustion chamber. These are known to be particularly problematic because their relatively low frequencies make the flames very sensitive to them. FDFs measured during tasks 1 and 2 will be used to design low-order models able to predict the onset of such instabilities. Finally, task 4 focuses on the phenomenon of light-round which corresponds to the flame propagation from injector to injector during the ignition of an annular combustion chamber.

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