Two important dimensions of the socio-environmental crisis are climate change and biodiversity loss. One of the main challenges of our century is to promote sustainable solutions adapted to the specificities of each social-ecological system (SES) and to integrate climate change and biodiversity loss in a single environmental policy. Whereas environmental policies against climate change and biodiversity loss are mainly designed and implemented independently, we urgently need a better integrated approach associating these two dimensions and well-being of human beings. Fragmented forest habitats are very interesting areas to better understand the entanglement of the dynamics impulsed by local people subsistence activities, carbon storage and biodiversity conservation policies. The Congo Basin Forest is the 2nd most important equatorial forest representing a unique biodiversity hotspot, carbon sink and source of primary resources for humans. Integrating climate change and biodiversity loss in this region is thus crucial for effective environmental policies at both local and global levels. The FRAGPAN proposal is focused on interactions between bonobos (Pan paniscus) as an endangered and flagship species, humans and a fragmented habitat in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) where both biodiversity conservation and carbon storage policies have been implemented. Bonobos being a male philopatric species, females emigrate from their native group. Thus, the forest connectivity is probably crucial to maintain bonobos genetic viability. The probability of bonobo presence is negatively correlated with the degree of forest fragmentation and human proximity, except in savanna-mosaic habitats located West of the species range, in the Maï-Ndombe Province (DRC). This sub-population is probably genetically isolated, challenging its mid-term viability. However, no information is available on bonobo presence and potential migration between this subpopulation and the central subpopulation. Studying this particular area is crucial to improve our knowledge on bonobo socio-ecological flexibility and to adapt conservation strategies. The primary objective of this project is to analyze the dynamics and the sustainability of the human-bonobo co-existence in this fragmented landscape, and to promote strategies to ensure both bonobo populations viability and local human populations’ needs. The specific objectives are: 1) to characterize the bonobo socio-ecology and biological diversity locally and regionally based on spatialized behavioral and genetic data; 2) to analyze the evolution of the forest cover and connectivity since the late 1950’s, based on aerial and satellite images; 3) to identify changes in human practices and representations (both from local human populations and stakeholders from forest management) of the forest, the bonobos and the habitat dynamics based on interviews, participant observations and archives; 4) to assess the potential for bonobos’ mobility in this fragmented landscape and the consequences on the viability of the studied sub-population, by integrating the previous findings on bonobos, humans and habitat dynamics in a habitat network model; 5) to propose and promote sustainable solutions to maintain and improve human-bonobo co-existence, accounting for human needs, bonobo needs, and the conservation and carbon storage policies. We will conduct this project in the Maï-Ndombe Province where the coordinator of the FRAGPAN proposal has 15 years of experience, in close partnership with the local NGO Mbou-Mon-Tour. Our theoretical framework is based on the resilience of SES, which allows us to better understand changes in complex systems and to guide governance. Beyond our study area, we expect that our results will contribute to the bonobo conservation strategy on its entire distribution area, other great ape species conservation and more generally to the understanding of the forest fragmentation impact on animal dispersion.