Online abuse is one of the most pressing challenges for our digital society. This is best demonstrated in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) which continues to affect over two million UK adults with nearly 85% of victims/survivors subjected to some form of technology-facilitated abuse ("tech abuse"). Tech abuse describes the use of "everyday" digital systems (computers, smartphones, apps) to coerce, control, and harm a person or groups of individuals. It includes offences such as image-based abuses ("revenge porn"), cyberstalking, and GPS-tracking. It exposes victims/survivors and their children to all types of physical, emotional, and financial harm. However, the true scale, nature, and impact of tech abuse is unknown, which makes developing solutions extremely problematic. Additionally, the issue is of pressing importance because tech abuse is on the brink of rapid change. As "smart", Internet of Things (IoT) devices and Artificial Intelligence (AI) become commonplace, these systems drastically increase the reach of abusers and the ease with which they offend. For example, smart speakers or thermostats allow abusers to monitor or remotely control the physical environment of victims/survivors and gives them increased power over their most private data. The proposed research programme draws on my specialisation on the intersection of emerging technologies, cybersecurity, and gender studies, developed through over 32 publications. The initial four years of my FLF will provide me with a leadership platform to drive change by studying: (a) The conceptual fit of tech abuse with existing IPV definitions, theories, and models. (b) The background, drivers, and practices of IPV tech abuse perpetrators. (c) The safety and security shortcomings of existing digital systems such as smart, Internet-connected devices. (d) The national and international policy landscape relating to domestic abuse, online harms, and cybercrime. To achieve this, my FLF leverages excellent partnerships with a cross-sectoral mix of world-leading users and beneficiaries, including industrial (IBM, Kaspersky, Fujitsu, IoT Security Foundation), third sector (Respect, Refuge, Suzy Lamplugh Trust, European Network for the Work with Perpetrators of Domestic Violence), academic (Prof Marianne Hester OBE, Prof Elizabeth Yardley, Dr Nicola Henry), and policy stakeholders (National Cyber Security Centre, Home Office, College of Policing). Moreover, I have confirmed policy placements (UK Domestic Abuse Commissioner) and research visits (Cornell Tech, University of Melbourne), all of which are central to collate, validate, and triangulate data, to co-develop societal responses/technical design recommendations, and to advance my career, as well as my team's. Together, my FLF will result in an unprecedented evidence-base to revolutionise the tech abuse landscape to support the security and safety of IPV victims/survivors, with the findings of the first four years culminating in the co-creation of interventions and the establishment of a much-needed theory of change.

Software is fundamental to research, fulfilling many different roles - instrument, model, tool, infrastructure - across all disciplines. Recent shifts in the wider research landscape, e.g. inclusion of research software in policies developed by the OECD and UNESCO, necessitate new approaches to software sustainability and consolidation and scaling of existing initiatives to support research software (the software used in research) and digital research infrastructure (the compute, data, networking, software and people infrastructure) that enables it. Thus far, support for research software has tended to focus on individuals or national policies and standards. Moving forward, organisations such as universities and other research institutions will play an increasingly important role in ensuring research software culture and practice is adopted by the research community. This is essential to empower those engaged in research to fully harness the potential of software and foster the execution of excellent research. The Software Sustainability Institute (SSI) was established in 2010 as the first organisation in the world dedicated to the development and support of research software best practices. In its first phase (2010 - 2015), the SSI gained an understanding of the state of the nation of research software, its developers/users, its requirements, and the importance of software for conducting research. The second phase (2015 - 2019) focussed on supporting communities to become self-sustaining and campaigning for change in research culture. In the third phase (2018 - 2024), the SSI consolidated its position as world-leading experts in research software policy and best practices. The SSI also scaled up its highly successful activities to make them more sustainable in the longer term. Throughout, the SSI has fostered a large, collaborative, worldwide community of advocates and practitioners to help deliver on their motto: better software, better research. The fourth phase of the SSI will continue enhancing and scaling its signature activities, including the fellowship programme, community building, career development and training. It will continue to campaign for the recognition of all of the people and outputs that contribute to research and add a new focus on environmental sustainability and empowering organisations to take responsibility for the research software they create and use. Four impacts will guide the work in SSI-4: 1. Evidence-driven research software policy and guidance. 2. Capable research communities. 3. Widespread adoption of research software best practice. 4. Broadened access and contributions to the research software community. The SSI will achieve these through: - Building on its successful platforms and campaigns: empowering individuals through the Fellowship Programme, amplifying dissemination through online resources and social media, raising awareness of research software through events, and campaigning for policy and research culture change. - Growing its policy and research activities: building on SSI national landscape studies, collaborating on the HiddenREF campaign, creating new connections to further embed software into UK research policy. - Developing new training courses, learning pathways, communities of practice handbooks, and bringing the community together through the Collaborations Workshop. - Co-producing research to explore the barriers and enablers to career progress, commissioning articles and guides from a diverse range of authors, and running workshops in other, non-English, languages. - Coordinating an innovative software funding pilot to better understand how research software maintenance and development should be funded.

Our society is increasingly reliant upon engineered systems of unprecedented and growing complexity. As our manufacturing and service industries, and the products that they deliver, continue to complexify and interact, and we continue to extend and integrate our physical and digital infrastructure, we are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the cascading and escalating effects of failure in highly complex and evolving systems of systems. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly critical that we are able to understand and manage the risk and uncertainty in Complex Engineering Systems (CES) to provide reliant and optimal design and control solutions. Research on natural complex systems is helping us to understand the implications of inter-dependencies within and between complex adaptive systems. However, unlike natural ecosystems, which may become more robust through diversifying, man-made complex systems tend to become more fragile as their complexity increases. If we are to deal with the challenge presented by complex engineered systems, we will need to exploit and synthesise our current understanding of natural and engineered systems, our current theories of complexity more generally. The ENgineering COmplexity REsilience Network Plus (hereafter called ENCORE) addresses the Grand Challenge area of Risk and Resilience in CES. Our vision is to identify, develop and disseminate new methods to improve the resilience and sustainable long-term performance of complex engineered systems, initially including Cities and National Infrastructure, ICT and Energy Infrastructure, Complex Products: Aerospace (both Jet Engines and Space Launch and Recovery Systems) and later to explore the inclusion of Nuclear Submarines, Power Stations and Battlefield Systems. We have chosen these particular CES domains as they strike a balance between the challenges and opportunities that the UK faces for which complexity science can have a significant impact for our citizens and businesses whilst spanning sufficiently diverse fields to present cross-domain learning opportunities. Our approach is to create shared learning from [1] the manner in which naturally complex systems cope with risk and uncertainty to deliver resilience (ecosystems, climate, finance, physiology, etc.) and how such strategies can be adapted for engineering systems; [2] how the tools and concepts of complexity science can contribute towards developing a greater understanding of risk, uncertainty and resilience, and [3] distilling world-class activity within individual CES domains to provide new insights for the design and management of other engineering systems. Examples of the potential for the application of this field and which will be considered for inclusion in the feasibility studies include: - Predicting equipment failures and their consequences in critical infrastructure systems; - Developing a management heuristic that plays the same role as a "risk register", but addresses systemic resilience; - Optimising the deployment of instrumentation required to manage cities and other CES effectively; - Increasing the resilience of interdependent digital systems; - Advancing models of cascading failure on networks such that they take account of node heterogeneity and in particular the different failure/recovery modes of different types of node. - Improving the number of contexts in which CES can be deployed with replicable performance; - Decreasing the likelihood of human behavioural errors in operating CES. - Identifying the critical elements that constrain/define system performance most strongly; - Extending system lifetimes and functionality; - Mapping the relationship between complex system complexity and fragility; - Characterising uncertainty and defining the inference process to transition from one phase to the other in the control of CES and in complex decision making processes.

Meeting emerging science and engineering modelling challenges requires scientists who can master complex theory and simulation techniques, can assimilate data, and can collaborate in multidisciplinary teams with expertise across a range of modelling scales. Securing the UK's position as a world-leading research hub into the future therefore requires a well-integrated pool of researchers with a skillset that is both broad and deep. HetSys is leading the way in addressing these needs by producing students with the tools necessary to meet the challenges of the future through our training programme. We are training the scientists who will develop the next generation of computational models, implemented in reusable software with robust error bars from uncertainty quantification (UQ), and who can learn from experimental and simulated data on an equal footing through advances in 'scientific machine-learning' (SciML). Linking heterogeneous materials models with UQ allows performance to be improved, enabling the technology needed to reach net zero through a step-change in design capability. The ongoing AI revolution has necessitated a redesign of our training programme to enable us to build on what we learnt during the first funding period and deliver our new vision. In particular, changes to our core training enable our students to (i) embed robust and sustainable research software engineering (RSE) in modelling; (ii) quantify modelling uncertainties through enhanced use of statistical methods; and (iii) exploit new trends in scientific machine learning. The research focus of HetSys on new paradigms in the behaviour of heterogeneous materials remains vital for the competitiveness of the UK's high-value manufacturing and automotive industries. Prominent examples of challenges we are addressing include the design of (i) energy materials for future vehicles with reduced carbon footprints; (ii) low dimensional and/or strongly correlated materials for quantum devices; (iii) high entropy alloys for fusion applications; (iv) biomolecules for combatting infectious diseases. Historically, the modelling pattern has focused on just one length- or time-scale; HetSys transforms this landscape by explicitly targeting the multiscale modelling of heterogeneous systems required by industry. The expertise we have accumulated opens up opportunities to capitalise on the transformative combination of mechanistic modelling with data-driven approaches (SciML). This requires a broader combination of disciplinary expertise, provided through our enhanced bespoke training programme. Only a cohort approach can train high-quality computational scientists who can develop and implement new modelling methods in close collaboration with other scientists. The cohesive, interdepartmental cohorts and training programme we are creating lower many of the current barriers to interdisciplinary work and demonstrate our vision for the future of scientific endeavour, where teams of researchers work together to combine their skills and expertise. Only a critical mass of students and a large and highly collaborative team of supervisors makes this targeted and fully inclusive training approach feasible. HetSys supports the delivery of EPSRC's Physical and Mathematical Sciences Powerhouse strategic priority, helping to provide the platform on which research and innovation across the sciences is built.

The Centre's themes align with the 'Towards A Data Driven Future' and 'Enabling Intelligence' priority areas, meeting the needs identified by UKRI to provide a highly skilled - and in demand - workforce focused on ensuring positive, human-centred benefits accrued from innovations in data driven and intelligence-based systems. The Centre has a distinct and methodologically challenging "people-first" perspective: unlike an application-orientated approach (where techniques are applied to neatly or simplistically defined problems, sometimes called "solutionism"), this lens will ensure that intense, multi-faceted and iterative explorations of the needs, capabilities and values of people, and wider societal views, challenge and disrupt computational science. In a world of big data and artificial intelligence, the precious smallness of real individuals with their values and aspirations are easily overlooked. Even though the impact of data-driven approaches and intelligence are only beginning to be felt at a human scale, there are already signs of concern over what these will mean for life, with governments and others worldwide addressing implications for education, jobs, safety and indeed even what is unique in being human. Sociologists, economists and policy makers of course have a role in ensuring positive outcomes for people and society of data-driven and intelligence systems; but, computational scientists have a pivotal duty too. Our viewpoint, then, will always see the human as a first-class citizen in the future physical-digital world, not perceiving themselves as outwitted, devalued or marginalised by the expanding capabilities of machine computation, automation and communication. Swansea and the wider region of Wales is a place and community where new understandings of data science and machine intelligence are being formed within four challenging contexts defined in the Internet Coast City Deal: Life Science and Well-being; Smart Manufacturing; Smart and Sustainable Energy; and Economic Acceleration. Studies commissioned by the City Deal and BEIS evidence the science and innovation strengths in Swansea and region in these areas and indicate how transformational investments in these areas will be for the region and the UK. Our Centre will, then, immerse cohorts in these contexts to challenge them methodologically and scientifically. The use of data-driven and intelligence systems in each of the four contexts gives rise to security, privacy and wider ethical, legal, governance and regulatory issues and our Centre also has a cross-cutting theme to train students to understand, accommodate and shape current and future developments in these regards. Cohort members will work to consider how the Centre's challenge themes direct and drive their thinking about data and intelligence, benefitting from both the multidisciplinary team that have built strong research agendas and connections with each of the contexts and the rich set of stakeholders that are our Centre has assembled. Importantly, a process of pivoting between challenge themes will be applied: insights, methods and challenges from one theme and its research projects will be tested and extended in others with the aim of enriching all. These, along with several other mechanisms (such as intra- and inter-cohort sandpits and side projects) are designed to develop a powerful bonding and shaping "cohort effect". The need for and value of our Centre is evidenced by substantial external industrial investment we have have secured: £1,750,000 of cash and £4,136,050 in-kind (total:£5,886,050). These partners and stakeholders have helped create the vision and detail of the proposal and include: Vint Cerf ("father of the internet" and Vice President of Google); NHS; Pfizer; Tata Steel; Ford; QinetiQ; McAfee; Ordnance Survey; Facebook; IBM; Microsoft; Fujitsu; Worshipful Company of IT Spiritual and Ethical Panel; and, Vicki Hanson (CEO, Association of Computing Machinery).