The challenge. Violent conflict has extensive repercussions that extend beyond direct fatalities and can influence well-being and human capital in many ways. The impacts of conflict, and ensuing economic and food-security crises, can disproportionately affect refugees and other vulnerable populations, especially children. A recent review on the effects of armed conflict on the health, development and education of children identified a need for future research on these outcomes over a longer life-course horizon. Unfortunately, such longitudinal research is often difficult to conduct because refugee and conflict-affected populations are often transient and difficult to follow-up. However, working with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), we enriched their administrative datasets and built a unique cohort of refugee children. We can use this data, together with publicly available data on conflict, to conduct such longitudinal and longer-term research. Aims and objectives. Our proposal aims to investigate the effects of exposure to conflict on the human capital of Palestinian refugee children in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, West Bank and Gaza. This proposed research will enable us to explore the effects of short- and long-term exposure to conflict from 2010 to 2020 on (1) family formation patterns (age at childbearing, family planning) (2) use of selected services (antenatal care, maternity care, immunizations, school attendance) (3) child well-being and development indicators (e.g. growth, school performance), and (4) all-cause mortality, including stillbirth, and risk-factors associated with early mortality (prematurity, size-for gestational-age). How will objectives be achieved: data and approach. UNRWA provides Palestinian refugees with free primary health and elementary-school services, use of which is recorded in individual-based electronic databases. Our study will use UNRWA's electronic medical and education records from nearly 1 million Palestinian refugee children which we have linked with each other and cleaned. We will join these longitudinal data with conflict-event datasets from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) and Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED). The conflict event datasets provide geospatial and time-specific conflict-related exposures. We will then use different statistical models to explore the effects of these different conflict events, conflict intensity and distance to conflict on the different refugee outcomes listed above (family formation, education and health service-use, child well-being, and child mortality outcomes). We will build a causal framework of how the timing and intensity of conflict exposures affect potential human capital outcomes using our data, and findings from the literature. Application and benefits. This information will enable UNRWA policymakers, health and education service providers, and other humanitarian actors to develop targeted interventions to ameliorate the early life course of refugee children and more effectively argue for resource allocation to specific geographic areas and demographic groups. Additionally, the study will highlight the role of healthcare and education services for affected populations and generate an evidence-base to advocate for the mitigation of conflict-related harm.

Stories of displaced people, migration and immigration continue to occupy headline news here in the UK and abroad. Less well documented are the huge efforts being made by displaced people and associated relief agencies to deal with the challenges of displacement and migration. There are a host of temporary 'pop-up', as well as more established arts, heritage and cultural programmes which are aimed at displaced people who are currently in transition, for example in camps, and those refugees who have reached their resettlement destination. The impact of these programmes on participants' health and wellbeing has often been overlooked in relation to their overall health and how such cultural programmes contribute to recovery, adjustment and other challenges associated with displacement. By working in collaboration with a UK based arts and mental health charity and a Palestinian refugee camp in Jordan, we wish to better understand the role of creative arts and cultural activities in improving the health and wellbeing. We will also explore the potential for the arts to play a central role in improving issues associated with resettlement, employability and learning new skills, and consider how this could feed into relevant policies such as those related to immigration. New research shows how damaging displacement is for people's physical and mental health, overall wellbeing and opportunities to flourish, such as employability. Along with issues such as the loss of a sense of belonging, identity and isolation, research shows that refugees and displaced people are more likely to experience mental health problems, such as major depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. These problems arise from the trauma associated with exposure to violence and difficulties encountered in the migration journey, as well as migration-related difficulties in their countries of resettlement such as issues with immigration, employment and income. Jordan hosts the highest number of Palestinian refugees of all five fields of United Nations operations. Those 1.95 million registered Palestinian refugees constitute over 40% of all registered refugees in the Near East. The first Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan were established almost 60 years ago following the 1948 Israeli-Arab war. Since then, the refugees had to craft their lives away from their homeland and traditional support systems. The current situation of refugees is complex as the new generations suffer limited access to resources, poverty and poor environmental conditions while at the same time continue to live a non-ending temporary situation inside camps. The frustrations of alienation and poverty have led to depression, anxiety and frustration. This has been addressed through interventions in camps, usually partnering with local organisations, addressing mental health through arts or culture. However, these activities are usually conducted without a systematic assessment of process or impact. Similarly, in European camps and refugee organisations, the impact of arts programmes has not been assessed in relation to overall health and wellbeing. To understand the impact of creative and cultural activities we will collect evidence from displaced people by working closely with them and charities and organisations in the UK and Jordan. We will use this information to inform the development of a new method for collecting evidence which takes into account the health and wellbeing of displaced people and we will co-produce a toolkit which has a more integrated and holistic approach to care. This toolkit will be made widely available and will have relevance for anyone working with vulnerable audiences. We will also create a range of other outputs, including a short film to be produced by displaced people and refugees, which will provide an opportunity for them to decide which stories are told and to take back ownership of their own journeys of displacement.