In 2014, an INSEE survey showed that air quality was the main concern of the French, ahead of climate change, yet the monitoring of regulated pollutants shows that the limit values are not always respected for several regulated outdoor air pollutants. However, air quality is not limited to atmospheric air pollution as we spend 85% of our time indoors, and indoor air quality has a real impact on our health. Better understanding the emissions sources, identifying areas with excessive concentrations, and undertaking targeted and effective remediation actions involve providing information on the spatio-temporal evolution of concentrations of key species. Electronic sensors dedicated to air quality can meet this challenge but they still need to have their performances improved (detection limits, selectivity, stability, etc.). Based on these findings, the objective of the IAM-Lab Joint Laboratory, between IMT Lille Douai and TERA Group, is to develop sensors allowing real-time measurement of several air pollutants with performances adapted to the concentrations of the different environments and markets of interest using breakthrough technology, not yet available on the market. This ambition requires the combination of multidisciplinary skills in qualified measurements of air pollutants, in the development and implementation of high-tech sensitive surfaces and in the development of intelligent algorithms for signal analysis and data processing. The work of the joint laboratory will begin with two target species: • ammonia (NH3): a key species in the microelectronics industry since the quality of production can depend on its concentration in the air but this pollutant is also a species of interest in the agricultural sector (high emission sector). In addition, it presents a societal issue in terms of odour nuisance for the populations living near emission sites and a is also a key species in outdoor air monitoring given its role a aerosols precursor; • formaldehyde (HCHO): a proven carcinogenic species and ubiquitous pollutant in indoor air. The scientific, technical and innovation program is built on two complementary poles with scientific and technological objectives clearly identified: • a pole focused on the development of “sensitive surfaces” with the objective of formulating and developing polymer-based materials conductors. These materials have already demonstrated their ability to respond to the two target pollutants, but their metrological performance still needs to be improved (eg selectivity optimization, reduction of detection limits and limitation of aging phenomena) in order to broaden the targeted species. • A more technological pole, focused on “sensors”, integrating various sensitive surfaces developed in the first pole. This involves the development of signal processing algorithms allowing specific detection of target species and management of drifts from the signals collected by a mono or multi-sensitive surface system. From a technological standpoint, it will be focused on i) developing a versatile system allowing the implementation of the sensors developed on all types of platforms in adequacy with the needs of the various integrators and ii) designing an optimal electronic system to handle on-board pre-processing and iii) a fluidic integrating manufacturing materials ensuring the best compromise between mechanical strength, resistance to time and absence of interference with the measurement. The design of the sensors should also give priority to the use of non-toxic solvents to facilitate the shaping of surfaces and thus facilitate the transition to the industrialization stage of production.

Anthropogenic activities but also the biosphere lead to the emission of many compounds into the atmosphere. They evolve there according to chemistry and nonlinear physics that leads to the formation of complex secondary constituents. The ACROSS (Atmospheric ChemistRy Of the Suburban foreSt) megaproject is an integrative, innovative and large-scale initiative aimed at improving understanding of the impacts of the mixture of urban air masses on the one hand, and biogenic, on the other hand. evolution of pollution plumes: in particular on the oxidation of organic compounds, aerosol, the formation of photo-oxidants. The ACROSS hypothesis is that this mixture of air masses leads to modifications in the production of secondary compounds whose physical properties modify the chemistry of the troposphere and the air quality. It is also based on the fact that the Paris agglomeration as an intense source of pollution inserted in a relatively sparsely urbanized region, heavily wooded and with moderate orography, constitutes a space of choice to study the impact of the forest suburban study on air pollution at regional level. ACROSS-AO is the airborne component of ACROSS. By using the ATR-42 of the National Infrastructure of research aircraft, it projects the in-situ characterization of the composition of the Parisian plume in synergy with ground measurements (outside the project). These measurements relate to a broad spectrum of carbonaceous, nitrogenous and photo-oxidant species in the gas and particulate phases. Particular interest is paid to the chemical processes leading to secondary pollutants and to the properties of aerosols. The project bringing together five partners is organized into six work packages which respectively focus on the coordination of activities, the preparation of the campaign, the use of data to answer priority scientific questions and the exploitation of this data by a community of modellers. extending beyond this project. The project will advance science through high-quality observations and analyses, and it will lead to the development of improved chemical mechanisms to eventually incorporate them into air quality models. They will lead to more reliable forecasts and more effective mitigation strategies. After more than twelve years without comparable campaigns, these results are possible due to recent advances in our understanding of atmospheric chemistry but also thanks to advances in instrumentation. They are made necessary by the recent insufficient performance of operational modelling of air quality in the context of climate change and changes in anthropogenic emissions.

The urban-industrial territories have a great and diversified economic activity, essential to the economy of the territory, but likely to be the source of nuisances, in particular odor annoyance. Several industrial incidents were memorable because they have been associated with large-scale odor pollution. On September 26, 2019, the accident at the Lubrizol site in Rouen, resulted in pollution of air, water and soil. The odor pollution event was unprecedented in both intensity and duration. The first feedback from involved persons on field showed the need to develop new operational tools to specifically respond to industrial or accidental issues. In order to limit the incidence of future episodes of odor pollution, it is necessary to better understand emission phenomena of plume pollution following an industrial accident and to know its dispersion and evolution with time. These issues are at the origin of the DISCERNEZ project carried out by a consortium gathering public, private and associative entities with multidisciplinary skills. It includes (i) two research laboratories specializing in olfactory analysis and physico-chemical pollution in urban areas: CERI EE of IMT Lille Douai and URCOM of Le Havre Normandie University; (ii) Atmo Normandie, Normandy monitoring network approved by the French Ministry in charge of Environment and actively involved in supporting public and local authorities, and industrials, especially in case of accidents; (iii) as well as two companies: Osmanthe which carried out olfactory analyses following the Lubrizol accident and which also participates in the training and development of "Le Langage des Nez®" method and ARIA Technologies, a company specializing in the development of numerical models for air quality. With this project, the consortium aims to bring new scientific knowledge and develop tools for managing odor annoyance in dense urban areas. This involves improving an existing model of atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The aim is to have a tool for establishing a predictive map of the odorous impact of emissions according to different scenarios (major accident, incident but also on a daily basis), depending on weather conditions , topographic and evolution of emissions within an industrial area. This assessment, mediation and decision support tool will be useful for both the emitting industries and communities. It will serve the integration of industrial zones within urban areas and will thus allow the development of the attractiveness of the territories while preserving the quality of life of the neighboring populations.

Shipping is an essential transport infrastructure, with 80% of our goods undergoing overseas transport. However shipping emissions have impacts on climate change and on air quality, through the emission of gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO2, VOCs…) and particulate (PM) pollutants, particularly important for highly populated coastal areas. Since the 90s, regulations for emissions started to evolve, leading to the current limitations of fuel sulphur content (0.5%) and the application of Tier I - III standards for emissions. It is however likely than further changes need to be implemented to move towards more sustainable practices, particularly in harbors. But it is currently highly challenging to estimate the impact of shipping emissions on urban air quality, due, amongst others, to the transient nature of shipping plumes, the differences between vessels and fuels used, and the lack of understanding of the chemical evolution of the pollutants, which currently hamper accurate modelling of current and future changes. The project SHIPAIR therefore proposes to tackle some of these challenges through an interdisciplinary approach, combining online (& off-line) measurements with real-time shipping data through the automatic identification system and novel modelling approaches. Two field campaigns will inform not only on the pollutants emitted, but also on their evolution during transport and on their oxidation potential (OP). The first measurement campaign is an intensive (3 weeks) field campaign in the harbor of Dunkirk. Measurements on two locations, one near-field and one close to the urban border, of a comprehensive suite of pollutants (gas and particulates, including on-line metal speciation) will allow a better estimate of their evolution, their influence on the OP and on urban AQ. Furthermore, the deployment of a photochemical flow reactor will allow to assess the secondary aerosol formation potential of the plumes. The second measurement campaign will take place during one year in an urban monitoring site in Marseille, focusing on the deconvolution of different source contributions, in particular to the OP. The deployment for the first time of a novel online instrument to measure OP with a 20-minute time resolution over a long time period (3-4 months), will produce a unique, high resolution data set. The data obtained through these campaigns will be analyzed using state-of-the-art positive matrix factorization (PMF) in order to disentangle different source contributions. For the local AQ networks (AASQA) involved in SHIPAIR, a major challenge in predicting AQ in port cities, is the unequal access and use of information. To counter this difficulty, the 3 AASQAs will work closely together to harmonize and standardize their modelling approach in close collaboration with the port authorities. The emission inventories used will be enlarged based on literature and ongoing projects. Another difficulty in modelling the AQ of urban center close to harbors, lays in the resolutions of the models and their limited representation of atmospheric processes, affecting notably the accuracy of prediction for ultra-fine particles and the chemical composition of PM. SHIPAIR proposes to develop a new dispersion modelling framework for ship plumes in urban areas, based on a “plume-in-grid” and a “street-in-grid” approach. Furthermore, the model will integrate the treatment for metallic compounds in the SSH-aerosol module, allowing to investigate the contribution of metals to the OP. This new modelling framework will be evaluated against the measurement dataset from the campaigns and the AASQAs. Finally, SHIPAIR will compare the impact of shipping emissions determined by the different methodologies (PMF and model with and without shipping emission) for different harbors (Dunkirk, Marseille and Le Havre). After validation first runs of scenarios for future trends will be implemented by each AASQA to evaluate the impact of local mitigation strategies.

In the last 50 years, the number of megacities has increased more than ten times, currently housing more than half of the world population. Air pollution is among the top of challenges faced by those regions, accounting for over 5 million deaths per year worldwide. While the anthropogenic nature of air pollution has been considered for a long time, there are growing evidences that the mixing between human-made emissions and those from the biosphere can modify, or even exacerbate the effect of anthropogenic pollution on the environment and health. The biosphere-atmosphere interactions are ever more relevant in a context of emission reduction from traditional mobile sources and a changing climate bound to enhance biogenic emissions at global scale. The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) in south-eastern Brazil is emblematic of those interactions and threats: with over 20M people, it is among the ten largest megacities worldwide and despite its advance on pollutant emission control, it is experiencing air quality problems due to ozone and particulate matter. Despite the emission control, the maximum ozone concentrations have remained constant over the last 15 years, raising the question of the biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) role as one of its major precursors. The Atlantic Forest surrounding the megacity, totalizing ~30% of the total MASP territory, combines with urban vegetation as an important source of BVOCs. Its subtropical climate favors biogenic emissions and photochemical processes. Taking MASP as a natural laboratory target, the Franco-Brazilian project BIOMASP+ is a unique opportunity to reduce gaps in our understanding of the atmospheric processes, resulting from the complex anthropogenic and biogenic urban mixing. The main objective of BIOMASP+ is to evaluate the impact of biosphere-atmosphere interactions on gaseous and particulate urban pollution in a changing climate by addressing the following questions: How does the biosphere-atmosphere interaction affect the ozone production? How does this alter the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and aging? How does this affect human health and the biosphere ? Those questions require a wide knowledge of the nature and intensity of chemical and biological compounds emitted by the Atlantic forest, one of the most rich yet poorly described subtropical vegetation. The quantification of the Atlantic forest tree emissions will be one of the original prerequisite of the BIOMASP+ project. BIOMASP+ has been designed as (i) an integrative project combining new field observations using state-of-the art instrumentationat two contrasted and representative urban and forest supersites on both gaseous and aerosol phases (including semi-volatile species, bioaerosols, oxidative potential of particles) , laboratory experiments and models of various complexity (ii) a multidisciplinary project implying shared expertise in biogenic emissions, atmospheric chemistry, biology and meteorology from Brazil and France. Moreover, the study of the biosphere-atmosphere interactions involves multiple nested spatial and temporal scales: from the leaf level to the above-canopy level (fluxes), short time to multi-year scale. BIOMASP+ is divided into one coordination task and four main interconnected tasks: 1- Meteorology and Fluxes, 2- Characterization and quantification of biogenic emission sources, 3- Bio-physico-chemical processes and ambient composition and 4 - Extended observations, forecast and impacts. To achieve its main objectives. BIOMASP+ addresses fundamental science and provides a scientific basis for air quality, health and urban climate mitigation purposes. A unique and original database will be produced complying with open science recommendations. In-depth knowledge of these processes is necessary to implement the most effective strategies which will lead to sustainable benefits for society.