Nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors play a critical role in enabling the development of new platforms for a wide range of applications, including energy conversion (solar cells, nanogenerators, fuel cells), energy storage (batteries, supercapacitors), optoelectronics (photo-detectors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes), sensors, transistors and catalysts. However, the manufacturing of nanostructured semiconductors faces a significant challenge to achieve combined large-scale, low-temperature, cost-effective, high productivity, size-controlled materials and devices with ease of fabrication. We aim to provide a solution to these challenges through developing a scalable, rapid, low-temperature laser manufacturing technology that is applicable to a wide range of nanostructured semiconductors. Three types of nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors (SnO2, TiO2 and ZnO) will be synthesised via a one-step, rapid and low-temperature laser-assisted hydrothermal technique (LAHT) in ambient air on both rigid and flexible substrates up to 32 cm2 (2.5" wafer size), within 1 - 2 mins. This will be achieved using a tailored, expanded beam configuration of a high-power fibre laser without beam scanning, which enables the LAHT process to be efficiently incorporated into roll-to-roll manufacturing processes without the use of autoclaves and furnaces. To be able to control the growth of nanostructured metal oxides in terms of morphology, crystallinity and orientation, the project offers an opportunity to explore underlying mechanisms of large scale growth of various nanostructured metal oxides via LAHT, and to establish understanding the performance of the functional devices, i.e. power conversion efficiency and operational stability, sensitivity and durability through the assembly of perovskite solar cells and ultraviolet photodetectors. This will directly advance photonic manufacturing capability and demonstrate the potential to impact on the development of future photovoltaic and photonic sensing technologies. In addition, energy consumption/carbon emission for the LAHT will be evaluated in comparison with existing autoclave/furnace based techniques.

There is an increasing demand across engineering sectors for advanced materials, many of which are incompatible with current manufacturing processes due to their sensitivity with heat, impact and abrasion (e.g. composites, metallic glass and intermetallics). The economic machining of these materials is essential to exploit their enhanced properties and overcome some of the 21st century's challenges, including the development of efficient zero-emissions transportation. Transportation is the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the UK, accounting for 28% of the total. The UK Government's Transport Decarbonisation Plan aims to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050, with a staged introduction from 2030. Comprehensive use of advanced composites in the structure and propulsion systems of aerospace and automotive vehicles will result in significant GHG emissions reduction. Currently, however, the lack of cost-effective and reliable manufacturing processes is limiting the pace of adoption in the aerospace and automotive industry. This fellowship aims to develop and demonstrate next-generation laser-based manufacturing technology that will enable advanced composites to become effective solutions for application and adoption across multiple sectors. The goal will be achieved by transforming two emerging laser-based technologies into fully-fledged industrial solutions, underpinning the large scale industrialisation of advanced composite solutions. The first of these technologies is the water-jet guided laser (WJGL); initial work performed at the MTC has proven its capability on composite cutting. However, the current generation of WJGL technology, developed for low power nanosecond lasers, is not suitable for the mass production industrial environment. To overcome this issue, this fellowship will develop a novel high-power WJGL system with a 2kW microsecond laser for cutting and drilling of composite materials, offering a 10x increase in productivity whilst maintaining component quality. Ultra-short pulse laser (USPL) can ablate any material by cold ablation. While this extraordinary capability has been proven using low power USPL for a limited number of niche applications, its low material removal rate and its drawback of edge wall taper are currently limiting its viability in the wider manufacturing sector. To address the power limitations, the MTC together with its partners, are developing high-energy USPL with an average power of 2kW. The challenge now is to exploit the kilowatt range USPL without losing its cold ablation capability. This fellowship will develop a novel beam scanner that will facilitate stable filament-based USPL beam propagation and ultra-high-speed beam manipulation which will enable the exploitation of kilowatt range USPL for cold ablation-based machining of composites with enhanced processing rate capabilities and without edge wall taper. Working closely with strategically vital high-value manufacturing industries, universities and the HVM Catapult centre, my fellowship aims to transform the laser-based manufacturing, manufacturability of composites, and accelerate their economic exploitation in industries, through the following: 1. Technical development: Development of novel laser-based technologies for high-volume throughput and high-quality manufacturing of composites. 2. Scientific investigation: Science-based investigations to develop the underpinning knowledge and understanding of laser-based manufacturing. 3. Industrial exploitation: Facilitate the exploitation of the laser-based composite manufacturing within the automotive and aerospace industries (both facing increased financial and environmental challenges) in the near-term and the wider manufacturing sector in the long-term. 4. Resource development: Enriching the skills base, leadership, and infrastructure for a long-term sustainable R&D competency in the UK on next-generation laser-based manufacturing.

The dramatic changes in global manufacturing have greatly increased the demand from UK companies for skilled employees and new operational practices that will deliver internationally leading business positions. The UK is considered to be very strong both in scientific research and in the invention of innovative products within emerging sectors. This conclusion is supported by the fact the UK is a significant net exporter of intellectual property, ranking behind only USA and Japan. The potential of the UK's innovation capacity to create new high-end manufacturing jobs is therefore significant. Maximising this wealth generation opportunity within the UK will however depend on the creation of a new breed of skilled personnel that will deliver next generation innovative production systems. Without relevant research training, production research, r&d infrastructure, and an effective technology supply chain, there will be a limit to the UK's direct employment growth from its innovation capacity, leading to constant migration of UK wealth creation potential into overseas economies. Many emerging sectors and next generation products will demand large-scale ultra precision (nanometre-level tolerance) complex components. Such products include: 1) Next generation displays (flexible or large-scale), activated and animated wall coverings, 3D displays, intelligent packaging and innovative clothing ; 2) Plastic electronic devices supporting a range of low cost consumer products from food packaging to hand held devices; 3) Low cost photovoltaics, energy management and energy harvesting devices; and 4) Logistics, defence and security technologies through RFID and infrared systems. The EPSRC Centre in Ultra Precision is largely founded on the support of SMEs. It is widely acknowledged that manufacturing employment growth in developed manufacturing economies will stem from SMEs and emerging sectors . The supply of highly trained ultra precision engineers to UK manufacturing operations is therefore critically important in order to deliver benefit from any new technologies that arise from the industrial or academic research base within the EPSRC Centre in Ultra Precision.

The dramatic changes in global manufacturing have greatly increased the demand from UK companies for skilled employees and new operational practices that will deliver internationally leading business positions. The UK is considered to be very strong both in scientific research and in the invention of innovative products within emerging sectors. This conclusion is supported by the fact the UK is a significant net exporter of intellectual property, ranking behind only USA and Japan. The potential of the UK's innovation capacity to create new high-end manufacturing jobs is therefore significant. Maximising this wealth generation opportunity within the UK will however depend on the creation of a new breed of skilled personnel that will deliver next generation innovative production systems. Without relevant research training, production research, R&D infrastructure, and an effective technology supply chain, there will be a limit to the UK's direct employment growth from its innovation capacity, leading to constant migration of UK wealth creation potential into overseas economies. Many emerging sectors and next generation products will demand large-scale ultra precision (nanometre-level tolerance) complex components. Such products include: 1) Next generation displays (flexible or large-scale), activated and animated wall coverings, 3D displays, intelligent packaging and innovative clothing ; 2) Plastic electronic devices supporting a range of low cost consumer products from food packaging to hand held devices; 3) Low cost photovoltaics, energy management and energy harvesting devices; and 4) Logistics, defence and security technologies through RFID and infrared systems. The EPSRC Centre in Ultra Precision is largely founded on the support of SMEs. It is widely acknowledged that manufacturing employment growth in developed manufacturing economies will stem from SMEs and emerging sectors. The supply of highly trained ultra precision engineers to UK manufacturing operations is therefore critically important in order to deliver benefit from any new technologies that arise from the industrial or academic research base within the EPSRC Centre in Ultra Precision. Since the CDT-UP has academic foundations which are highly multidisciplinary, it is well aligned to the following EPSRC priority areas:- Complex manufactured products; functional materials; Innovative production processes; Materials technologies; Sustainable use of materials; and Photonics materials.