Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat for animal and public health and recognized by Heads of State in the General Assembly of the United Nations as a major issue on global scale. To contain AMR, antimicrobial usage (AMU) should be reduced as this is considered to be the main driver of selection for resistant bacteria. Furthermore, the veterinary use of (highly prioritized) critically important antimicrobials for human medicine should be reduced as much as possible and replaced by less important antimicrobials for human medicine. Preliminary data collected by consortium partners, showed considerable overuse of antimicrobials in the Indonesian poultry production. Scientific research is needed to support an evidence-based transition towards a sustainable poultry production chain with responsible use of antimicrobials. The research questions are i) why, what and how much antimicrobials are used in broiler production in Indonesia, ii) what alternatives for AMU are available iii) is it possible to reduce AMU by introducing tailor made on-farm intervention strategies. The parameters to be measured are reduction in AMU and the change in AMR levels on farms. One of the results of this project will be the development of a ‘best practice’ document to be used (inter)nationally by stakeholders and scientific publications to share the results with the scientific community. The consortium consists of research organisations, a commercial partner and 4 supporting organisations with strong links with the broiler sector in Indonesia. Two stakeholder meetings will be part of this project to ensure close involvement in the development of the intervention and in the end phase to communicate results and best practices to end-users. Several elements of capacity building are one of the pillars of the project. This project contributes to a safe and sustainable poultry food chain in Indonesia and reduces the risks of resistant bacteria for humans.

Unexpected infectious diseases outbreaks are increasingly common due to multiple global changes. The Netherlands, with its dense population of humans, livestock and poultry, international transport and travel hubs (Schiphol, Rotterdam), and unique water-dominated landscape is particularly vulnerable. A specific group of unexpected infectious disease outbreaks is transmitted through arthropods (e.g. mosquitoes), collectively termed vector-borne diseases (VBD). They have been expanding massively in (sub)tropical regions of the world through trade and habitat changes, but The Netherlands and Europe are vulnerable as well, as shown by recent outbreaks in livestock and birds. This proposal aims to develop a forward looking research agenda measuring and modelling how projected demographic, climatological, ecological, and planological changes will impact the risk of VBD-emergence for the Netherlands. Specific objectives are to: •Gain a fundamental understanding of interactions between the diversity of vectors, hosts, and viruses of priority-VBD; •Establish novel models on how these interactions are impacted by current and predicted changes in climate, water management, farming practices and importation risk; •Develop tools for rapid assessment of vector competence and disease severity •Develop tools and approaches to support outbreak research and surveillance •Develop novel interventions for VBD, based on integrated systems knowledge Our findings will be used to guide development of early warning systems and will provide tools for rapid assessment of risk of emerging-VBD to humans and animals. To allow deployment for use in regions with limited research infrastructure, fieldable versions of key assays will be developed. In case of a VBD-outbreak during the project, the consortium would be realigned to target the specific disease. This project is embedded within the Netherlands Centre for One Health, a collaboration between 9 research institutes to study health of humans, livestock, wildlife and environment in a holistic manner to address disease threats arising from these interactions.