Road congestion and emissions are regarded as having increasing negative impacts on travelers, environment and economy as a whole. All the evidence suggests that the current trends are not sustainable without effective management of travel demand, and the world will have to confront a series of traffic congestion and air pollution problems caused principally by the unrestricted use of private cars. This proposal will focus on urban travel demand management methodologies and propose the strategies of managing transport network mobility and reducing congestion and emissions with tradable driving rights (TDRs). Methodological developments are focus on the analyses of travel decisions of individuals under implementation of TDR schemes, traffic flow modelling and algorithms design and the mechanism of market under TDRs. Social and spatial equities in the multiple user-classes (with different values of time) network models with TDRs are further discussed, and sustainable transport system with TDRs will be designed and case studies will be implemented in typical areas of Beijing of China and typical cities in Netherlands with the supports of transport management departments of local government. Currently, it has carried out the license plate based restriction in the urban areas of Beijing, which can be considered as a simplex version for the TDR scheme. This proposal will extend the effectiveness of the license plate based restriction with the introduction of the term of ?tradability?. Therefore, innovative and interoperable travel demand management strategies will be brought, which will also bring low carbon futures by improving the efficiency of vehicle using. This proposal will bring many open and potential value avenues of further studies, and provide a sustainable transport development patterns respond the needs of citizens and support transport policy development.

Accessibility and sustainability are important conditions for vital and resilient cities, but are under pressure especially in urban areas. Congestion, local air quality, parking; these are different challenges that, however, have in common that effective solutions require behavioural change in addition to technological innovation. This project aims to develop, test and evaluate ?smart? measures to affect behaviour. The measures are smart in the first place because they offer an innovative mix of negative and positive financial incentives, thus bypassing some of the main disadvantages of pricing (notably a very limited acceptability) and of rewarding (in particular limited budgets and induced demand). The measures are also smart because they have a highly innovative technological character, not only from the conceptual viewpoint (e.g. tradable driving permits) but also from the technological perspective (e.g. linking real time automated vehicle identification to virtual market environments). These smart measures will be studied from a multidisciplinary perspective, where forces are joined among economists, psychologists, traffic engineers and policy analysts, and will be evaluated from the perspectives of effectiveness, acceptability, and efficiency - paying attention to key urban challenges such as accessibility and environmental quality. The project has a very strong rooting in the urban reality as the case studies are undertaken jointly with Amsterdam Zuidas, Rotterdam, Groningen, and the Amsterdam ArenA area.