The volcanic plume from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption has caused significant disruption to air transport across Europe. The regulatory response, ensuring aviation safety, depends on dispersion models. The accuracy of the dispersion predictions depend on the intensity of the eruption, on the model representation of the plume dynamics and the physical properties of the ash and gases in the plume. Better characterisation of these processes and properties will require improved understanding of the near-source plume region. This project will bring to bear observations and modelling in order to achieve more accurate and validated dispersion predictions. The investigation will seek to integrate the volcanological and atmospheric science methods in order to initiate a complete system model of the near-field atmospheric processes. This study will integrate new modelling and insights into the dynamics of the volcanic plume and its gravitational equilibration in the stratified atmosphere, effects of meteorological conditions, physical and chemical behaviour of ash particles and gases, physical and chemical in situ measurements, ground-based remote sensing and satellite remote sensing of the plume with very high resolution numerical computational modelling. When integrated with characterisations of the emissions themselves, the research will lead to enhanced predictive capability. The Eyjafjallajökull eruption has now paused. However, all three previous historical eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were followed by eruptions of the much larger Katla volcano. At least two other volcanic systems in Iceland are 'primed' ready to erupt. This project will ensure that the science and organisational lessons learned from the April/May 2010 response to Eyjafjallajökull are translated fully into preparedness for a further eruption of any other volcano over the coming years. Overall, the project will (a) complete the analysis of atmospheric data from the April/May eruption, (b) prepare for future observations and forecasting and (c) make additional observations if there is another eruption during within the forthcoming few years.

The NHS is facing an unprecedented level of future pressure due to impending challenges driven by an ageing population, increase in long-term conditions, and rising costs and public expectations. In particular, rising health care demand, rising costs and flat real funding mean that the NHS could face an estimated £30 billion financial shortfall by 2021. If these challenges are not addressed there is a risk that many service providers may become financially unsustainable, and the safety and quality of patient care decline. In response Monitor (the regulator of NHS Foundation Trusts) working with NHS England, the NHS Trust Development Authority and the Local Government Association has instituted a new five year joint planning regime. The intention of this regime is to focus on the robustness of Foundation Trusts' strategies to deliver high quality patient care on a sustainable basis. Foundation Trusts will have to present five year financial projections, develop realistic transformational schemes and align their plans with those of other actors within the Local Health Economy (LHE). Planning on a five year basis and in conjunction with other healthcare providers is a new discipline and differs distinctly from the approach taken nationally to planning during the regime of Foundation Trusts (since 2004) when a more market oriented focus has dominated. Against this complex background, and as part of the new five year planning regime one of the areas that UK Trusts plan to review is elective care, which mainly involves planned surgery. This project aims to develop ideas for service innovation in the orthopaedic surgery domain using a design-engineering led approach. This approach enhances design thinking through the use of system thinking, human factors and engineering analysis. This research will develop and evaluate a patient-centric and system-wide solution for sustainable delivery of surgery services.