Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are accelerated during large eruptions at the Sun and travel through the interplanetary medium to reach near-Earth space. They can be detected by instrumentation on spacecraft. SEP data and models are used to understand the physics of particle acceleration and propagation in space. When their flux is very large, SEPs pose a risk to satellites and humans in space: for this reason they are an important component of Space Weather. A new era of SEP research started with the launch of Parker Solar Probe (PSP, launch 2018) and Solar Orbiter (SolO, launch 2020): together with STEREO A and spacecraft near Earth and other planets, they form a fleet of missions often located at widely separated points in space, providing the opportunity to map the spatial distribution of SEPs. Since 2021, data from this fleet have shown that circumsolar events, where SEPs fill the entire 360 degrees in longitude around the Sun, are not rare, as previously thought, but a common occurrence. This project focusses on the question: How are SEPs able to fill wide regions of space, including areas on the opposite side of the Sun with respect to the location of the solar eruption that accelerated them? In classic SEP models, particles are expected to remain tied to the magnetic field of interplanetary space, and propagate inefficiently in the direction perpendicular to the field, making it impossible for them to reach locations on the opposite side of the Sun compared to where they were accelerated. In this project, models of SEP propagation will be developed that are able to describe a variety of mechanisms for propagation across the magnetic field. These include the effects of turbulence in space, of a wide region called the heliospheric current sheet, where the direction of the magnetic field in the heliosphere reverses, and of the rotation of the Sun. The possibility that CMEs are accelerated over wide regions of space in association with coronal mass ejections will also be considered. Results from the models will be compared with spacecraft measurements from PSP, SolO and near-Earth spacecraft to test different propagation scenarios.

Welfare concerns relating to end of life have always occupied a central role in human life. Working on the premise that each faith community has its own set of values which influence how it approaches this phase of life, the proposed activity aims to provide a forum for exploring variant positions on the management of patients in a persistent vegetative state (PVS). The grant will help bring together a small number of UK-based representatives from the Abrahamic religious traditions to the Univer sity of Central Lancashire (UCLan) for a round-table discussion. This provides a unique opportunity for an investigation into whether those faith traditions have, at their disposal, conceptual mechanisms which help them determine how PVS patients should be managed. If so, how far are their approaches compatible with that adopted under English law. In opening up the debate on this important matter, the exercise will serve as a platform for exchanging views and for exploring the extent to which th ose viewpoints can be synthesised and accommodated within the framework of secular law. The roundtable discussion therefore offers them, as representatives of UK Abrahamic faith communities, a single voice, through which their concerns and ideas for religiously-sensitive-care can be expressed.

Scoping study to identify and explore the extent and types of treatment given to lesbian, bisexual and gender non-conforming women in the UK mental health system from 1952 until 1990. Project goals: • Define the topic and assess the feasibility, design and scope of a larger oral history study exploring women's lived experiences, and developing counter narratives to the clinical discourse. • Scope the field and provide a preliminary analysis of the extent and types of treatment received by lesbian, bisexual and gender non-conforming women in the UK mental health system. • Complement recent hidden histories of the psychiatric treatment of gay, bisexual and non-gender conforming men. This will be achieved through: • Scoping relevant LGBT, women's and mental health archives. • Identifying LGBT and scoping relevant mental health testimonies, memoirs and autobiographical material; • Developing partnerships with older LGBT and mental health service user organisations to collaborate in further research. • Developing a follow-up research proposal. Longer-term goals • Include the experiences of lesbian, bisexual and gender-non conforming women in psychiatric history. • Contribute to the historiographies of psychiatric treatments. • Address the historical gaps in knowledge of both LGBT and mental health user/survivor histories. • Develop a knowledge-base to support the mental health of older women.

Zines (self-published magazines, graphic memoirs and comics) are rich, yet currently untapped, sources of knowledge about mental distress and psychosocial disabilities - how they are lived with, challenged and understood. This research will identify, analyse and co-produce Madzines: self-published magazines, comics and graphic memoirs, created by people with lived experience, which communicate critical ideas about mental health. Specifically, this research will explore how zines, due to their unique format, craft contention about mental health knowledge and practice. It will investigate how zines: - Challenge prevailing psychological, psychiatric and medical understandings, diagnoses and treatments; - Articulate specific forms of contention about controversial and hidden diagnoses; pathologised identities and experiences; - Communicate new understandings of mental health diagnoses, identities and experiences; - Function as a unique form of psychiatric survivorship offering new repertories of contention for the psychiatric survivor movement; - Utilise diverse styles of contention such as humour, parody and subversion. This investigation will define a new genre of Madzines and help transform the way zines are researched, understood and theorised. It will be used to explore how zines can contribute to formal and informal learning about mental health, challenge stigma and discrimination and inform policy and practice. Despite user involvement policies, mental health services have failed to deliver the changes demanded by the service user movement. Moreover, despite anti-stigma and awareness-raising campaigns, the stigma and discrimination of people with mental health difficulties persists. Progress depends, at least in part, on conceptualising alternative ways of seeing, practising and imagining mental health care. In this project we will identify, analyse and co-produce ‘MadZines’: zines, comics and graphic memoirs created and self-published by people with lived experience that communicate alternative and challenging ideas about mental health and psychosocial disabilities. We will explore their unique insights into how these conditions are lived with, challenged and understood. We will examine how these insights challenge dominant professional and lay knowledge and provide new ways of confronting stigma and discrimination. Our research will inform knowledge, practice and policy. Moreover, it will transform our understanding of the unique contribution zines can make to social change.