The multitude of complex urban systems, combined with the autonomous of structuring technical systems (hard-wired telecommunications networks, radio, television, mobile communications, rail and other transport networks, water and waste water networks, energy networks, etc.), together with the numerous territorial service organisation and governance levels (city, grouped cities, departmental, regional, state and European levels), induce major malfunctions when problems are encountered. The numerous interactions between these various systems further increase global fragility, even where this multiplicity could be put to good use to transform it into redundancy and the development of interoperability. Any such malfunction is increasingly rejected by urban populations, numerous as they are and widely differing in social and cultural terms, stressed by their day to day environment and fre-quently requiring and expressing substantial expectations in regard to this environment from both the technical, social and human points of view. Globally, the urban system, in common with each of the individual systems on which it is based, is potentially vulnerable to the hazards associated with climate change, natural and technological risks or malevolent acts. These hazards are not new in themselves, but what is new is their frequency and intensity. Despite their different causes, the consequences of these events, in particular in regard to a return to a balanced situation regarded as equivalent to the preceding situation, are of the same nature (interrupted service, destruction, etc.) which is why they can be integrated in the same approach. The main objective of the RESILIS project will consequently be to propose ways and means for reducing the vulnerability of the system and facilitating the recommencement and continuity of activities. Using a long-term oriented systemic approach, we shall firstly be seeking both organisational and methodological responses with the aim of 1) creating synergetic governance of all levels; 2) adopting long-term, responsible management of the networks; 3) devising new design rules for technological tools and 4) and obtaining, by information and suitably adapted awareness enhancement, a positive contribution from populations and the economic players. Importance will also be attached to the predictability angle as, at the current time, predictability levels for systems in the event of a hazardous situation are extremely low, and correct anticipation of the reactions of complex systems is extremely difficult. It will consequently be necessary to extend our knowledge of both threats, initiator effects and weak signals. We shall take the human dimension into account as, through its imagination, adaptability and will to win, mankind can, provided the objectives are clear, overcome certain inadequacies of generic direc-tives and on occasions excessively complex engineering. The consortium set up for the RESILIS project, associating three leading French engineering entities engaged in substantial activities at international level, and research centres of repute both in France and other countries, has brought together the skills and expertise required to establish answers to questions emanating from the project call. This will lead to establishment of the foundations for urban resilience engineering designed to support the decision makers, economic players and populations in the development of genuine urban resilience.

Optimization is what you do if you run out of on innovative ideas. Current practice in integrated water management predominantly use multi-objective optimization approaches with aggregated objectives. This biases results towards the status quo and against innovative solutions, can foster stakeholder resistance, while also raising ethical concerns related to the inclusion of undesirable and/or hidden trade-offs1. In contrast, many-objectives optimization approaches can consider many non-aggregated objectives, which has the potential to enrich the solution space with alternative courses of action that better reflect the diverging perspectives of stakeholders, and align better with ethical concerns. From the viewpoint of ethics, disaggregated assessment criteria are preferred as these may avoid undesirable and hidden trade-offs. Apart from some pioneering studies in economics and reliability engineering, no methods currently exist that are specifically aim to avoid such undesirable trade-offs. Here many-objective approaches to optimization and decision making offer a promising way-forward. Water resources management increasingly relies on integrated models to analyses the socio-economic benefits of the scarce resource. These models typically connect sectoral water uses to water resources, and to performance indicators. These integrated models offer great potential in enabling more sustainable management of water resources. Currently these advances in modelling are however in many cases not exploited because their outputs are evaluated using multi-objective optimization on pre-maturely aggregated objective functions that cancel out the potential advantages of these integrated models in unpredictable ways. In the context of Integrated Water Resources Management, many-objective approaches offer greater opportunities to handle the many non-aggregated objectives that arise from sectoral integration. In the face of climate change and growing water scarcity the expansion of the solution space and the identification of innovative strategies for water management issues that many-objective approaches have on offer is of great relevance. For dissemination and implementation it is important that these innovations do not only offer methodological improvements for water managers, but specifically address the innovative characteristics of solutions, the improved alignment with the interests of stakeholders, as well as producing solutions that are ethically more just. The promise of the many-objectives methods regarding alternative courses of action is especially relevant under conditions of climate change and socio-economic developments and a growing emphasis on sustainability and inclusiveness in addition to efficiency and effectiveness. The virtues of many-objective approaches have barely reached current practice in water management in Europe and beyond. To realize the promise this research operationalizes many-objective approaches for water management and contrasts them to existing practices. The project develops, operationalizes, and incorporates many-objective optimization in existing regional water management models. In close collaboration with local stakeholders and water managers. We apply both existing multi-objective methods and collaboratively developed many-objective approaches and compare and contrast the strategies that emerge from both as a concrete contribution to practice. Our contribution to science focusses on the validity of the many-objective hypotheses for water management. Finally for our project partners in our case study areas, we deliver operational models and software for implementation in daily management and decision making practice. Our case studies cover water management practices under divers climatic, hydrological, soil and socio-economic condition encountered in current and climate change affected Europe and beyond, and serve to disseminate innovated practices.

Cyanobacteria blooms frequently disturb the functioning of freshwater ecosystems and their uses, due to the toxins dangerous to health that cyanobacteria are able to synthesize. Therefore, many countries have implemented monitoring programs aimed at reducing the risk of human exposure to these toxins. The main limitation is related to the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria. In the vertical dimension, these organisms can stay in different layers in the water column and in the horizontal scale, the cells may accumulate in some area of the water body, under the action of winds or currents. In an attempt to improve monitoring, many research projects have been undertaken in order to develop new tools, like buoys developed during the program PROLIPHYC (ANR PRECODD). This tool is highly relevant but it does not allow assessing the horizontal distribution of cyanobacteria and its cost remains expensive. In addition, if satellite remote sensing can be considered very useful for estimating biomass and horizontal distribution of cyanobacteria in a water body, the cost of this technology and the lack of satellite availability make it unaffordable for routine monitoring. In this context, our OSS-CYANO project aims to develop and validate a new, low-cost aerial sensor, to be used in a fixed single location, or deployed in network, to detect the presence of cyanobacteria in a water body. In addition, OSS-CYANO also aims to implement a drone capable of carrying the sensor to perform spatial measurements on large water bodies or river sections, and other instruments for water sampling or for performing underwater measurements. Our project is organized into five tasks. Task 1 is dedicated to (i) the coordination of the project, (ii) the scientific animation and dialogue with end-users through the formation of a monitoring committee and (iii) dissemination of results, including the organization at the end of the project of an international workshop dedicated to new monitoring tools. The second task will help to identify potential end-users and identify their expectations for the developed tools. Task 3, a key task of the project, will involve technical development of the sensor (wavelength selection, influence of natural processes on the measurements ...) and of the drone system (implementation of an adaptive platform for supporting the measuring equipments). These developments will largely benefit on the facilities offered by the support center PLANAQUA (French label "Investissement d’avenir ") which provides all the required facilities to carry out tests of the sensor on a range of aquatic systems, from microcosm to macrocosm. The fourth task will test in real conditions of application, and in the long term, the sensor and the drone on different lakes and river systems impacted by representative cyanobacteria. Finally, the last task will relate to (i) data processing methodologies and data integration, (ii) the implementation of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model using data from the sensor and / or drone to forecast short-term changes of the spatial dispersion of cyanobacteria in a water body, and (iii) to define the characteristics of a future warning system. This project relies on the participation of six laboratories and a private company. All these teams have the required skills for all planned work and have already collaborated on previous research projects.