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This proposal for LINK funded project will build on a solid base of work currently underway, funded through existing LINK programmes, BBSRC, directly by industry, the Scottish Government and the NIAB Trust fund. The proposed study will seek to initiate a better understanding of wheat root growth, morphology and functional relationships with nutrient and water uptake. Methods to describe roots in a diverse range of winter wheat types will be implemented in controlled glasshouse conditions and in the field. The project will form the foundation for improving nutrient sequestration and conversion in this important UK crop through initiation of pre-breeding and development of ideal root ideotypes suitable for use in current and future wheat production. The consortium will concentrate on efficient or enhanced use of resources, especially nitrogen and phosphate and will consider interactions with water availability. In addition, the importance of interactions with beneficial mycorrhizal fungi on nutrient sequestration and the negative impact of soil-borne pathogenic fungi on susceptible genotypes will be considered under field conditions. Finally, the potential impact of agrochemical seed coats on root performance will be assessed. Overall, research in root biology leading to increases in nutrient uptake efficiency will contribute to reductions in diffuse pollution and will substantially reduce green house gas emission due a reduction in the use of nitrogen fertilisers in wheat cultivation

Ramularia leaf spot, caused by the fungus Ramularia collo-cygni, has spread rapidly to become a major disease of barley in Britain and many other parts of Europe. It was first recognised in the UK in 1998 and is now important in Scotland, especially on spring barley, and is spreading into winter barley in England. The rapid, recent increase in its importance means it is poorly understood in terms of scientific understanding of the disease and the pathogen, methods of crop disease management are currently limited to fungicide applications and breeding of barley varieties for resistance to Ramularia is in its infancy. There is thus both a pressing need to understand the disease and an exciting opportunity for research to combat it. This LINK project will take an integrated approach to developing methods to controlling Ramularia which will remain robust despite rapid changes in the environment and farming systems. This will help to support production of barley, the UK's second most important crop, in a way which is economically and environmentally sustainable despite an increasingly variable climate. For control of Ramularia in the short term (up to 5 years), we will develop a forecasting system to increase the precision of fungicide applications and thus to minimise the volume of active ingredients applied to barley crops to control Ramularia. For the medium term (up to 10 years), our research will aim to break the chain of transmission of the disease by reducing contamination of barley seed stocks, partly through improved methods of identifying contamination and partly by improvements in seed treatments. For the longer term, our research will support the efforts of barley breeders to select barley varieties which are suitable for UK markets and are not susceptible to Ramularia. We will do this partly by research on the genetics of resistance, by identifying varieties which have different genes for Ramularia resistance and can thus be crossed to produce barley lines with better resistance than their parents, and partly by improving methods of selecting barley varieties with resistance to Ramularia. This research will be underpinned by advances in knowledge of the biology of the disease, unravelling the complex interactions between physical stress, toxins produced by the fungus and the resistance of barley varieties to the fungus. Advances made by this project will give barley growers the ability to control Ramularia using well-timed applications of effective fungicides, the seed trade the opportunity to reduce the spread of the disease by minimising fungal contamination of barley seed and plant breeders the opportunity of producing barley varieties with resistance to Ramularia.

The aim of this project is to improve stability of the Hagberg Falling Number (HFN), a major quality trait in wheat. HFN is currently sensitive to a number of environmental conditions that reduce the quality of grain and make it unsuitable for bread-making, resulting in severe financial losses to farmers: last year (2004) only 27% of the UK wheat crop grown for bread-making was of acceptable quality, with an estimated loss to farmers of £100 per acre of wheat grown. UK cultivars vary in their susceptibility to low HFN, partly due to the difficulty of applying conventional phenotypic screens to large populations of breeding selections, but some (eg. Option, Malacca) evidently carry adequate genetic resistance. Recommended List scores for HFN rely on the occurrence of appropriate weather conditions to trigger latent susceptibility or overhead irrigation to provoke pre-harvest sprouting (McVittie J & Draper S (1982) or irrigation of standing plots of winter wheat in order to assess varietal predisposition to pre-harvest sprouting. J. Natn. Inst. Bot. 16: 45-48). A key aim of this project is to furnish new tools and biological insights to enable breeders to identify new lines with stable HFN from the available pool of elite UK germplasm. The fact that existing resistant cultivars do not manifest problems with emergence in field sowings indicates that this aim is compatible with prompt stand establishment. Previous research by the applicants has shown that the two most important causes of high alpha-amylase levels in UK grain are pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and pre-maturity alpha-amylase (PMA). PHS is the result of premature germination of grain in the ear, promoted in susceptible varieties by wet weather in the period between maturity and harvest. The consequent secretion of alpha-amylases into the starchy endosperm results in the deterioration in grain quality that is measured by the HFN test. PMA is less well defined, but is believed to result from inappropriate production of alpha-amylases by the aleurone layer in the crease region of the endosperm, late in grain development. Within the BBSRC financed objectives of this LINK project we intend to study the biochemical and molecular events in the wheat grain that are responsible for reduction of HFN during both PHS and PMA. Molecular genetic information from model species will be used to provide 'candidate genes' associated with germination potential/ endosperm development. These will be used for testing of function during seed development in relation to PHS/PMA. The characterisation of expression characteristics and genetic variation of candidate genes in existing germplasm, and the development of 'smart screens' and validated genetic markers will provide UK wheat breeders with resources to create improved varieties with more stable HFN. This project will address several components of the BBSRC strategic plan objectives for integrative biology and sustainable agriculture, including 'functional and comparative genomics', 'integrative biology-plant', 'transcriptomics', 'whole organism biology' and 'sustainable agriculture'. It will aim to provide a 'pipeline' for the delivery of information gained from studies in model species to tools for use to enhance breeding germplasm, a key recommendation of the recent BBSRC Crop Science Review.

An obvious way of improving plant materials for biofuel production would be to manipulate the structure of plant cell walls, since it is resistant polymers in these walls that prevent microbial enzymes from degrading the plant material into simple sugars and ethanol. One of the most important cell wall polymers in this respect is lignin. We already know quite a lot about how lignin is made and how it can be manipulated in woody plants. However much of the plant biomass that could be used to produce energy comes from grasses, and more research is therefore needed to enable us to manipulate lignin in these types of plant. Barley is a good model for the grasses that might be grown for energy applications (e.g. Miscanthus), and there are more research tools available for barley than for most other grasses. Barley and wheat straw waste could also be useful resources for biofuel production, and genetic discoveries in barley are usually transferable to wheat. This project aims to determine how lignin content and structure influence (1) the amount of sugars that can be released from barley straw; (2) how efficiently these sugars can be converted into biofuels; and (3) the amount of energy that can be released from barley straw by burning. This will indicate how the polymer can best be manipulated to make it easier to produce biofuels from plant biomass. We also aim to determine whether any lignin biosynthesis genes are important for barley disease resistance or stem strength, so that we can determine how to manipulate lignin while keeping plants healthy. The genes and genetic markers that we isolate can be used directly in energy crop improvement breeding programmes. Because we will be looking at a lot of different barley varieties, we will also be able to identify which current varieties are best for biofuel production and for burning for heat and energy.