By using the French West Indies as a field of application, this fundamental research program emphasizes the adaptation of agrosystems in small island territories to global changes. The choice of these small island territories results from the extent of issues related to the ongoing global mutations they face to and from their representative features in terms of diversity in the tropical environment. Global changes that affect these areas involve a key sector: agriculture. Therefore, this reality invites to wonder about the sustainability of this sector. We assume that some agrotechnical, organizational, institutional and territorial evolutions should be implemented in order to promote a whole viable agriculture. Our research fits into several works on viability, adaptation, sustainability and resilience with mathematical interpretations of the issues tackled from these concepts. Empirically, the mathematical theory of viability allows to simulate the systems paths (i.e. agrosystems) in order to detect the set of evolutions viable in a context of uncertainty. The viability algorithm integrates identified but unpredictable shocks allowing to define the targets that are conceivable from a sustainable development perspective and specifying the rules of decision useful to reach them, despite some temporal and technical constraints imposed to the different agents in the system. Our project includes five basic steps. From a comparative viewpoint, we will give evidence on the current state of viability concerning the farming systems (1). Then, the analysis will lead to the elaboration of socio-economic and agro-ecological indicators (2). Thereafter, we will analyse the evolution path of farming systems by considering global changes (i.e. characterisation of the future state of farming systems) (3). Hence, we will examine the adaptive capacity of farming systems (4), namely their capacities of response against shocks and more generally we will wonder about the governance of the agricultural sector in the study cases (5). Depending on the simulated scenarii on the global changes, this research should lead to a guide of the main adaptive options the agents acting in the agricultural sector should focus on. From an action research methodology, the mathematical tool of viability will serve as an instrument to organize interactive exchange among agents and to promote local governance. The aim consists in shedding light on agents' behaviour and decisions. The scope of the interdisciplinarity of this research program founds its originality since it associates economics, geography, management science and agronomy, animal science, ecology with mathematics, in order to better specify the adaptive capacity of agriculture to global changes in tropical small island territories.

Globalisation, technological change and demographic changes are currently altering altogether the face of the labour market in most developed countries. New and, in particular, digital technologies as well as new markets create job opportunities. But these opportunities are not evenly spread across the working-age population nor across types of workers. The demand for adaptability and flexibility of the workforce is increasing fast. Together with the massive trend towards aging of active populations, this forcefully raises the issue of work sustainability, i.e. whether work allows the preservation and development of human resources in the course of their use. The starting point of our project is the assumption that job quality is likely to be a key element of work sustainability. We adopt a definition of job quality based on the approach proposed by the European Trade Union Institute, which encompasses six dimensions of job quality: wages, involuntary non-standard forms of employment and job insecurity, working time and work-life balance, working conditions, skills and career development, and collective interest representation. As fertility decreases and individuals live longer, active populations get older and become more fragile, in particular in terms of health. Making work sustainable over the whole career therefore requires making it more inclusive. Job quality is likely to play a key role in achieving this goal first because better-quality jobs enhance individuals' satisfaction and health which, in turn, helps them maintain their work capacity. Second, an important dimension of career development – often disregarded in the literature – is work inclusiveness itself, i.e. the ability of firms and organisations to integrate elderly, sick and/or disabled people in the world of work. The aim of our project is to improve our understanding of job quality by investigating its determinants and health effects as well as the challenges that the latter raise for public policies. A first research axis will study the determinants of job quality from the point of view of both firms and workers. This will allow us to highlight new reasons why firms may offer better or poorer-quality jobs, in particular in the dimension of job insecurity and non-standard forms of employment. We will also shed light on the dimensions of job quality that workers value most, whether they are in employment or searching for a job. The second workpackage will focus on the health effects of a number of dimensions of job quality. The existing literature has explored the health effects of job quality in a number of developed countries but little is known about France. Using French data, we intend to provide new evidence of the health effects of two dimensions of (poor) job quality: the risk of job loss and job strain potentially induced by working-time organisation and performance management. Our third workpackage will focus on the policy responses to the detrimental health effects generated by poor job quality. The policies we will consider are of two types. Some aim at creating incentives for firms to increase prevention in the workplace so as to reduce the risk of work accidents and professional diseases. The one we will study here relies on experience rating. We will consider whether it has been successful in making workplaces more secure and to what extent this success has been achieved by enhancing – or on the contrary at the expense of – work inclusiveness. Other policies aim at developing job opportunities for sick and disabled workers. We will consider two of them – focusing on salaried and self-employed workers respectively – and evaluate whether they have been successful in making work more inclusive. Our project fits into SNR Défi 8 on "Sociétés innovantes, intégratives et adaptatives".

The chlorinated polycyclic ketone pesticide chlordecone (CLD) was used from 1971 until 1993 in the French West Indies to fight against the banana black weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus). Its application resulted in a long term pollution of soils which is thought to last 5 to 7 centuries for the heaviest polluted soils. About 1/4 of the total agricultural acreage of the two French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique) are moderately to heavily polluted and national survey plans carried out since 2008 in slaughterhouses revealed unexpected contamination of animal products. Indeed, CLD residues were detected in about 1/3 of bovine carcasses which originated from CLD contaminated areas, where 6 to 9% were above the Maximum Residue Limit set by the European Union (MRL = 100 µg/kg fat, CE 839/2008). Backyard animal productions (pigs, small ruminants) were not taken into account in the survey but the risk of CLD contamination of food producing animals is proven and it may represent an important source of CLD exposure for local consumers. Thus, the Martinique and Guadeloupe populations are concerned by CLD contaminated food and there is a growing demand for solutions that would enable maintenance of local animal production and production of safe animal products, even in historically contaminated areas. Overall, this research project aims at evaluating local animal rearing systems in terms of livestock exposure to CLD (WP1), characterizing the bioavailability of CLD, its behavior and metabolization in the animal organism (WP2), and establishing innovative strategies to bind CLD via activated carbon or biochars (WP3). On the basis of the results obtained in WP1, WP2 and WP3, safe local livestock rearing systems will be proposed in agricultural areas historically contaminated by CLD, and assessed in terms of economical efficiency (WP4) and social acceptability (WP5). This project fully complies with the objectives of ANR’s Plan d’action 2016 DEFI 5 AXE 4 “Development of sustainable and innovative production systems to ensure safe food for consumers”, and its related orientations 19 “sustainable and safe food” and 20 “integrative approach of productive systems”. From the studies on soil ingestion (WP1), recommendations will be provided to farmers and other stakeholders in order to avoid where possible the entry of CLD into the food chain. The analytical approaches which are going to be developed in WP2 are of major importance to identify and quantify CLD and its metabolites fluxes in the organism. On the basis of mechanisms described in WP1, WP2 and WP3, sustainable rearing strategies will be proposed and applied in close relation with the local producers and the meat sector Inter-Professional Organization of Guadeloupe (IGUAVIE) and Martinique (AMIV), the livestock health defense group (GDS), the Chambers of Agriculture, the Direction of Agriculture, Food and Forest (DAAF) and the General Direction for Food, Ministry of Agriculture (DGAL). In WP4 and WP5, socio-economic approaches will be developed in order to (i) promote adaptive governance and sustainable development particularly in rural territories of tropical islands and to (ii) evaluate conditions for adoption of the proposed innovations. The approach implemented in this project and the proposed innovative strategies to secure the rearing systems have to be considered as a “model approach” to be applied further in organic pollutant contaminated areas worldwide. Key words: chlordecone, soil, livestock, food safety, rearing strategies, economical efficiency, social acceptability