On regional and global scales, tropospheric ozone is a key compound controlling atmospheric oxidation capacity and an important driver of climate change. On a local scale, ozone is a criteria air pollutant that has detrimental effects on human health and natural ecosystems. Although having successfully lowered some ozone precursor concentrations, many countries have been struggling to also lower ozone concentrations due to its rapid and complex photolytic formation chemistry and regionally transported plumes. Consequently, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) projects significant ozone increases across much of Southeast Asia (SEA) in the coming decades. Unlike other criteria pollutants, ozone is not emitted directly from various anthropogenic activities, but formed as a byproduct of volatile organic compound oxidation in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight, making it challenging to design effective mitigation strategies. While chemical transport models are commonly used to investigate how ozone concentrations will change in response to precursor emission regulations, these models are at the whim of the embedded chemical and physical processes and emission inventories, and alternative methods to aid in the design of the mitigation strategies are needed in a field where important socio-economical aspects are at stake. The research proposed in OSEAMS centers around the recently developed novel technique in France to measure Ozone Production Rates (OPR), which is a useful metric to investigate the atmospheric ozone budget, i.e. distinguishing between local in situ production and long-distance transport, and to gauge the effectiveness of mitigation regulations. This project seeks to transfer this knowledge to an area of the world in need of slowing down or turning around increasing ozone concentrations. In order to design an optimal roadmap for mitigating ozone in Taiwan, and ultimately in SEA and much of the rest of the world, we propose to (1) identify major production pathways of locally-formed ozone and distinguish it from transported O3 pollution in Taiwan, and then (2) assess ozone mitigation strategies implemented in Taiwan and other SEA countries. Specific tasks are to (i) build an OPR instrument in Taiwan, (ii) conduct an observation-based investigation of the ozone budget – through the deployment of both Taiwan and France OPR instruments at contrasting sites in Taiwan, (iii) characterize the ozone-forming chemistry – conducting simulation chamber experiments to describe the ozone chemistry and characterize the OPR response to mitigation measures, and (iv) assess past, current and future mitigation measures implemented in Taiwan and propose optimized reduction strategies. 0-D/3-D atmospheric modelling will support the field- and laboratory-based studies, and the assessment and improvement of ozone mitigation strategies. An originality of this work lies in using observation-based O3 budgets to drive mitigation strategies on this highly-populated pollution hotspot. Taiwan will be used as an open laboratory to (1) assess the potential of real-time in situ measurements of the ozone budget for air quality monitoring networks and (2) design ozone mitigation roadmaps that will directly benefit policymakers of Taiwan, France and other countries to achieve lower ozone pollution levels in a context of climate change.

In 2014, an INSEE survey showed that air quality was the main concern of the French, ahead of climate change, yet the monitoring of regulated pollutants shows that the limit values are not always respected for several regulated outdoor air pollutants. However, air quality is not limited to atmospheric air pollution as we spend 85% of our time indoors, and indoor air quality has a real impact on our health. Better understanding the emissions sources, identifying areas with excessive concentrations, and undertaking targeted and effective remediation actions involve providing information on the spatio-temporal evolution of concentrations of key species. Electronic sensors dedicated to air quality can meet this challenge but they still need to have their performances improved (detection limits, selectivity, stability, etc.). Based on these findings, the objective of the IAM-Lab Joint Laboratory, between IMT Lille Douai and TERA Group, is to develop sensors allowing real-time measurement of several air pollutants with performances adapted to the concentrations of the different environments and markets of interest using breakthrough technology, not yet available on the market. This ambition requires the combination of multidisciplinary skills in qualified measurements of air pollutants, in the development and implementation of high-tech sensitive surfaces and in the development of intelligent algorithms for signal analysis and data processing. The work of the joint laboratory will begin with two target species: • ammonia (NH3): a key species in the microelectronics industry since the quality of production can depend on its concentration in the air but this pollutant is also a species of interest in the agricultural sector (high emission sector). In addition, it presents a societal issue in terms of odour nuisance for the populations living near emission sites and a is also a key species in outdoor air monitoring given its role a aerosols precursor; • formaldehyde (HCHO): a proven carcinogenic species and ubiquitous pollutant in indoor air. The scientific, technical and innovation program is built on two complementary poles with scientific and technological objectives clearly identified: • a pole focused on the development of “sensitive surfaces” with the objective of formulating and developing polymer-based materials conductors. These materials have already demonstrated their ability to respond to the two target pollutants, but their metrological performance still needs to be improved (eg selectivity optimization, reduction of detection limits and limitation of aging phenomena) in order to broaden the targeted species. • A more technological pole, focused on “sensors”, integrating various sensitive surfaces developed in the first pole. This involves the development of signal processing algorithms allowing specific detection of target species and management of drifts from the signals collected by a mono or multi-sensitive surface system. From a technological standpoint, it will be focused on i) developing a versatile system allowing the implementation of the sensors developed on all types of platforms in adequacy with the needs of the various integrators and ii) designing an optimal electronic system to handle on-board pre-processing and iii) a fluidic integrating manufacturing materials ensuring the best compromise between mechanical strength, resistance to time and absence of interference with the measurement. The design of the sensors should also give priority to the use of non-toxic solvents to facilitate the shaping of surfaces and thus facilitate the transition to the industrialization stage of production.

Anthropogenic activities but also the biosphere lead to the emission of many compounds into the atmosphere. They evolve there according to chemistry and nonlinear physics that leads to the formation of complex secondary constituents. The ACROSS (Atmospheric ChemistRy Of the Suburban foreSt) megaproject is an integrative, innovative and large-scale initiative aimed at improving understanding of the impacts of the mixture of urban air masses on the one hand, and biogenic, on the other hand. evolution of pollution plumes: in particular on the oxidation of organic compounds, aerosol, the formation of photo-oxidants. The ACROSS hypothesis is that this mixture of air masses leads to modifications in the production of secondary compounds whose physical properties modify the chemistry of the troposphere and the air quality. It is also based on the fact that the Paris agglomeration as an intense source of pollution inserted in a relatively sparsely urbanized region, heavily wooded and with moderate orography, constitutes a space of choice to study the impact of the forest suburban study on air pollution at regional level. ACROSS-AO is the airborne component of ACROSS. By using the ATR-42 of the National Infrastructure of research aircraft, it projects the in-situ characterization of the composition of the Parisian plume in synergy with ground measurements (outside the project). These measurements relate to a broad spectrum of carbonaceous, nitrogenous and photo-oxidant species in the gas and particulate phases. Particular interest is paid to the chemical processes leading to secondary pollutants and to the properties of aerosols. The project bringing together five partners is organized into six work packages which respectively focus on the coordination of activities, the preparation of the campaign, the use of data to answer priority scientific questions and the exploitation of this data by a community of modellers. extending beyond this project. The project will advance science through high-quality observations and analyses, and it will lead to the development of improved chemical mechanisms to eventually incorporate them into air quality models. They will lead to more reliable forecasts and more effective mitigation strategies. After more than twelve years without comparable campaigns, these results are possible due to recent advances in our understanding of atmospheric chemistry but also thanks to advances in instrumentation. They are made necessary by the recent insufficient performance of operational modelling of air quality in the context of climate change and changes in anthropogenic emissions.

The urban-industrial territories have a great and diversified economic activity, essential to the economy of the territory, but likely to be the source of nuisances, in particular odor annoyance. Several industrial incidents were memorable because they have been associated with large-scale odor pollution. On September 26, 2019, the accident at the Lubrizol site in Rouen, resulted in pollution of air, water and soil. The odor pollution event was unprecedented in both intensity and duration. The first feedback from involved persons on field showed the need to develop new operational tools to specifically respond to industrial or accidental issues. In order to limit the incidence of future episodes of odor pollution, it is necessary to better understand emission phenomena of plume pollution following an industrial accident and to know its dispersion and evolution with time. These issues are at the origin of the DISCERNEZ project carried out by a consortium gathering public, private and associative entities with multidisciplinary skills. It includes (i) two research laboratories specializing in olfactory analysis and physico-chemical pollution in urban areas: CERI EE of IMT Lille Douai and URCOM of Le Havre Normandie University; (ii) Atmo Normandie, Normandy monitoring network approved by the French Ministry in charge of Environment and actively involved in supporting public and local authorities, and industrials, especially in case of accidents; (iii) as well as two companies: Osmanthe which carried out olfactory analyses following the Lubrizol accident and which also participates in the training and development of "Le Langage des Nez®" method and ARIA Technologies, a company specializing in the development of numerical models for air quality. With this project, the consortium aims to bring new scientific knowledge and develop tools for managing odor annoyance in dense urban areas. This involves improving an existing model of atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The aim is to have a tool for establishing a predictive map of the odorous impact of emissions according to different scenarios (major accident, incident but also on a daily basis), depending on weather conditions , topographic and evolution of emissions within an industrial area. This assessment, mediation and decision support tool will be useful for both the emitting industries and communities. It will serve the integration of industrial zones within urban areas and will thus allow the development of the attractiveness of the territories while preserving the quality of life of the neighboring populations.

Shipping is an essential transport infrastructure, with 80% of our goods undergoing overseas transport. However shipping emissions have impacts on climate change and on air quality, through the emission of gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO2, VOCs…) and particulate (PM) pollutants, particularly important for highly populated coastal areas. Since the 90s, regulations for emissions started to evolve, leading to the current limitations of fuel sulphur content (0.5%) and the application of Tier I - III standards for emissions. It is however likely than further changes need to be implemented to move towards more sustainable practices, particularly in harbors. But it is currently highly challenging to estimate the impact of shipping emissions on urban air quality, due, amongst others, to the transient nature of shipping plumes, the differences between vessels and fuels used, and the lack of understanding of the chemical evolution of the pollutants, which currently hamper accurate modelling of current and future changes. The project SHIPAIR therefore proposes to tackle some of these challenges through an interdisciplinary approach, combining online (& off-line) measurements with real-time shipping data through the automatic identification system and novel modelling approaches. Two field campaigns will inform not only on the pollutants emitted, but also on their evolution during transport and on their oxidation potential (OP). The first measurement campaign is an intensive (3 weeks) field campaign in the harbor of Dunkirk. Measurements on two locations, one near-field and one close to the urban border, of a comprehensive suite of pollutants (gas and particulates, including on-line metal speciation) will allow a better estimate of their evolution, their influence on the OP and on urban AQ. Furthermore, the deployment of a photochemical flow reactor will allow to assess the secondary aerosol formation potential of the plumes. The second measurement campaign will take place during one year in an urban monitoring site in Marseille, focusing on the deconvolution of different source contributions, in particular to the OP. The deployment for the first time of a novel online instrument to measure OP with a 20-minute time resolution over a long time period (3-4 months), will produce a unique, high resolution data set. The data obtained through these campaigns will be analyzed using state-of-the-art positive matrix factorization (PMF) in order to disentangle different source contributions. For the local AQ networks (AASQA) involved in SHIPAIR, a major challenge in predicting AQ in port cities, is the unequal access and use of information. To counter this difficulty, the 3 AASQAs will work closely together to harmonize and standardize their modelling approach in close collaboration with the port authorities. The emission inventories used will be enlarged based on literature and ongoing projects. Another difficulty in modelling the AQ of urban center close to harbors, lays in the resolutions of the models and their limited representation of atmospheric processes, affecting notably the accuracy of prediction for ultra-fine particles and the chemical composition of PM. SHIPAIR proposes to develop a new dispersion modelling framework for ship plumes in urban areas, based on a “plume-in-grid” and a “street-in-grid” approach. Furthermore, the model will integrate the treatment for metallic compounds in the SSH-aerosol module, allowing to investigate the contribution of metals to the OP. This new modelling framework will be evaluated against the measurement dataset from the campaigns and the AASQAs. Finally, SHIPAIR will compare the impact of shipping emissions determined by the different methodologies (PMF and model with and without shipping emission) for different harbors (Dunkirk, Marseille and Le Havre). After validation first runs of scenarios for future trends will be implemented by each AASQA to evaluate the impact of local mitigation strategies.