Le projet présenté s'inscrit dans la problématique composant d'enveloppe et de structure de l'appel 2006 du PREBAT et traite en particulier de nouveau matériaux d'isolation et de super isolation pour la réhabilitation et la construction neuve._x000D_ Il se situe en amont du développement de produits en proposant de comprendre les facteurs pertinents de la performance des enveloppes de super isolant du triple point de vue barrière, durabilité et thermique, et de proposer une méthodolgie d'optimisation du compromis entre ces trois aspects selon l'application envisagée. A ce titre il est complémentaire des actions déjà en cours concernant le vieillissement et l'évaluation des super isolants ainsi que celle proposée sur la formulation de silices pour ces produits._x000D_ Ce projet s'organise autour d'un travail de thèse. Comprenant deux volets : la caractérisation des barrières et la conception d'enveloppes._x000D_ Enjeux scientifiques et techniques :_x000D_ La haute performance sous vide est très dépendante de l'enveloppe, laquelle peut ruiner cette haute performance soit du fait des ponts thermiques, du drainage thermique ou bien encore d'un vieillissement incontrôlé._x000D_ La conception et l'optimisation des enveloppes de super isolant est donc l'un des verrous qu'il convient de lever afin que des produits réellement performants et économiques apparaissent sur le marché._x000D_ L'enjeu technique de ce projet est donc la mise à disposition d'enveloppes optimisées sur les trois critères : barrière, durabilité, thermique._x000D_ L'enjeu scientifique est la caractérisation et la modélisation des transferts dans les complexes ultra barrière.

Le projet consiste à développer un logiciel de calcul numérique par éléments finis 3D utilisé en « boite noire » à partir du calculateur de barrage 1D FORBAR, pour calculer les barrages, leurs amarrages, dans les plans de protection contre les pollutions par hydrocarbures. _x000D_ L'utilisateur final du logiciel de calcul est le CEDRE, pour une installation de TOTAL._x000D_ Ce projet prend la suite du projet Simbar (http://simbar.eigsi.fr), en partant des méthodes développées, pour concevoir un logiciel de calcul de barrage par éléments finis.

This research proposal lies within the context of the recommendations made by the Grenelle environment round table (Grenelle de l'Environnement) which highlighted the need to improve the thermal performance of housing in France by 2020. It aims to define the methods to be used to construct and organise the relations between citizens and energy in housing that is spatially contextualised (city centre, low rise suburban housing, social housing complexes, peri-urban sector, etc.) and architecturally differentiated (single family homes, multiple rented or co-owned central housing units , large linear and tower block complexes, etc.). The case studies will be localised in the Ile-de-France region. The project is based on the hypothesis that the energy consumption of households in their homes and during their daily travel movements refers to complex socio-spatial behaviour patterns and economic costs that allow the issue of housing to be analysed on the level of the district and the city. These behaviour patterns will be examined from the point of view of the relationship to energy that inhabitants have on the scale of their residences, as well as by analysing their daily travel movements and consumption practices within the urban context of the Ile-de-France region. Carried out by a small but highly motivated team, this multidisciplinary research develops innovative investigation methods that aim to associate energy practices in the home and those resulting from travel movements in terms of consumption cost and intensity. The methodological approach comprises two sections:  A socio-economic section using quantitative analysis methods based on the secondary treatment of national surveys (particularly the national housing survey (Enquête Nationale sur le Logement)), and an ad hoc survey that we shall carry out on 2,000 Ile-de-France households.  A socio- technical section that aims to compare the subjective appreciation of energy consumption made by households with reality. This will be based on observing the residential and urban practices of sixty households. It will include sociological interviews, log books filled in by the households themselves and in situ measurements of their energy consumption. These approaches will result in an improved understanding of household energy consumption practices and costs as well as the development of measurement tools. The crossover of these three dimensions will permit the construction of reliable indicators that will contribute to the creation of a household energy consumption observatory able to associate residential practices with the technical performances of different scales of buildings.

Among the different renewable marine energies, wave energy has a significant potential resource. However, although the large number of Wave Energy Converter (WEC) technologies, which have been proposed and which are currently under development, there is not yet a leading technology or an acknowledged best system design. This is due to several reasons, a good part of them arising from new and specific hydrodynamic issues. These fundamental problems depend on the scale at which they are considered. • At the scale of a single machine (~100m), the issue consists of modelling the large motions of WEC actuators both for sea-keeping purposes and for the system operation. • At the WEC farm scale (~1 km), due to the large number of machines, the wave interactions must be correctly taken into account. • At regional scale (~10 kms), the crucial aspect is the impact of the WEC farm on the nearshore wave climate and the farm energy yield evaluation. At the moment, usual computer aided design tools in the field of Ocean Engineering cannot deal with these issues in a satisfactory way. At machine scale, uncertainties are too large. At farm and regional scale, the tools do not work. The purpose of this project is to provide a new class of design tools fitted for these problems. Depending on the scale, the numerical approaches will be based on non linear potential theory, the Fast Multipole Algorithm, Berkhoff’s equations or the wave action density evolution equation. These approaches are existing in their principles, but their numerical implementations are not mature, particularly in the context of wave energy conversion. In addition, the coupling between these tools is mandatory to be able to deal with all scales of the problem. The numerical tools will be validated by comparison with experimental datas. The realisation of the experiments is out of the scope of this project but the consortium will have access to the results through external collaborations with Ghent University in Belgium and Edinburgh University in the United Kingdom. The numerical simulation methodologies and tools developed in the framework of the project will represent a useful tool for wave energy project developers and for WEC farm design. Providing specific tools for wave energy applications, which allow to analyze and compare performances and impact of wave energy converters and wave energy farms at specific locations, will contribute to reduce duration and costs of preliminary and detailed feasibility studies.