Shared transportation systems in urban environments are the current trend to improve transportation problems toward eco-friendly cities. As an example, Vélib bike sharing system in Paris allows users to have bikes available all around the city. However, the associate problem of these transportation systems is mainly related to the relocation strategies in order to always have availability in all the stations. Specifically for Vélib, operators manually displace more than 3000 bikes daily using trucks, corresponding to 3% of the total fleet motion. For car-sharing systems, relocation strategies require more sophisticated techniques for their implementation on cities. As automatic relocation cannot be achieved for legal reasons, an alternative is to get a leader vehicle, driven by a human, which comes to pick up and drop off vehicles over the stations. The VALET project proposes a novel approach for solving car-sharing vehicles redistribution problem using vehicle platoons guided by professional drivers. An optimal routing algorithm is in charge of defining platoons drivers’ routes to the parking areas where the followers are parked in a complete automated mode. The main idea of VALET is to retrieve vehicles parked randomly on the urban parking network by users. These parking spaces may be in electric charging stations (if we have a fleet of electric vehicles), parking for car sharing vehicles (e.g. Autolib in Paris) or in regular parking places. As for the vehicles, they may be car-sharing vehicles, rental cars, future automated taxis, etc. Once the vehicles are collected and guided in a platooning mode, the objective is then to guide them to their allocated parking area or to their respective parking lots. Then each vehicle is assigned a parking place into which it has to park in an automated mode. Furtherfore, VALET project proposes to endow autonomous vehicles with smart behaviors (cooperation, negotiation, socially acceptable movements) that better suit complex urban situations (with the presence of pedestrians, man-driven vehicles and other autonomous vehicles). It will integrate models of human behaviors (pedestrian and/or drivers), proxemics (human management of space) and traffic rules, as well as smart navigation strategies that will manage interdependent behaviors of road users and of cybercars. The final system will be tested on real demonstrations in an urban environment. The starting point of VALET project is the different prototype autonomous vehicles that partners already have (4-5 vehicles).

Although cloud computing offers many benefits, security issues such as confidentiality and privacy are still major concerns to those intending to migrate to the cloud. Traditional cloud security has been based on assurance to customers that cloud providers follow sound security practices. As a result, current security mechanisms are commonly located within the cloud platform, hence compelling customers to trust cloud providers. However, customers might be reluctant to outsource sensitive data due to lack of control over data storage and management. To reach its full potential, cloud computing needs solid security mechanisms that enhance trust in cloud computing by allowing cloud customers to have a greater control over the security and privacy of their data. Moreover, it is also necessary to consider countermeasures to ensure that vulnerabilities or attacks do not have a negative impact on cloud security and that applications continue to operate and provide a good level of service even during an attack. The main objective of CLARUS is to enhance trust in cloud computing services by developing a secure framework for the storage and processing of data outsourced to the cloud that allows end users to monitor, audit and retain control of the stored data without impairing the functionality and cost-saving benefits of cloud services. The CLARUS solution will provide the end user with a dedicated proxy located in a trusted domain implementing security and privacy features towards the cloud provider. The proxy is intended to be deployed within the client computer, in a server within the user’s domain, in an edge device (e.g. a router), or in any other location trusted by the user. CLARUS will also provide a set of security auditing services enabling the user to supervise the security operations performed by the CLARUS framework as well as other trust-enhancing features.

The accumulation within the cars cockpit of assistance systems interacting with the driver via various modalities (visual, manual, tactile, sound, haptic…) jointly with the increase in the complexity of these systems (going from information to automatic driving) raises new problems of cooperation between the driver and the vehicle. Ensuring good safety conditions supposes to focus particularly on the compatibility of the whole of these systems with the vehicle guiding task, especially in terms of “comprehension of what the system does”, of “conscience of the activated modes” and of “capacity of attention and treatment” (situation awareness, workload) which they are likely to require. This is especially true during the transition phases (manual towards automatic and conversely). These problems were particularly highlighted within the ANR-ABV project (2009-2013) in which the majority of the partners of this consortium were involved. This project of automatic driving, partly at the origin of the CoCoVeA project, showed the need for integrating at the early stages of the system design the interactions with the driver dealing with task sharing, and degree of freedom, authority, level of automation, priorisation of information and management of the various systems. This approach supposes to be able to know the state of the driver at every moment, the current driving situation, the limits of operation of the various assistance systems and starting from these data, to make a decision concerning the activation or not of one or the other system and the modulation of its degree of action. The consortium brings competences necessary to the realization of this multidisciplinary project. PSA Peugeot Citroen, as a car manufacturer, is an expert as regards problems of integration and evaluation of embedded systems. Continental Automotive and Valeo have an important knowledge in design and development of these systems. LAMIH is an expert as regards human-machine cooperation and has an important experience in the prototyping and evaluation of driver assistance systems in simulator. SPIROPS is specialized in artificial intelligence and decision-making processes. IFSTTAR and INRIA are recognized for their work on driver assistance systems, particularly in automatic driving. UNICAEN-COMETE and AKKA have a large experience in the analysis of the state and the behavior of the driver through studies carried out in particular on the assessment of vigilance. AKKA has also an important experience in the ergonomic study of the aircraft cockpits (human factors certification) and in particular in the management of emergency situations. This competence will make it possible to widen the field of research and to capitalize on the two fields: aeronautics and car. In addition, the partners have state-of-the-art experimental platforms which will be made available for the project, in particular the dynamic simulator of LAMIH as well as the laboratory vehicles of IFSTTAR and AKKA-INRIA. Using these complementary competences and means, the consortium proposes: • To develop a cooperative architecture between driver and assistance system for automatic driving (vehicle control sharing through haptics). • To develop a prototype for the control and coordination of the systems embedded in the cockpit. • To integrate these systems on several demonstrators in both driving simulator and real vehicles. • To validate through an experiment the developed systems. • To produce recommendations for the manufacturers and equipment suppliers.