The term first responders usually refers to law enforcement, fire, and emergency medical personnel. These responders, however, are not the only assets that may be required in the aftermath of a strike on the homeland. In contrast, the more appropriate term, emergency responders, comprises all personnel within a community that might be needed in the event of a natural or technological (man-made) disaster or terrorist incident. These responders might include hazardous materials response teams, urban search and rescue assets, community emergency response teams, anti-terrorism units, special weapons and tactics teams, bomb squads, emergency management officials, municipal agencies, and private organizations responsible for transportation, communications, medical services, public health, disaster assistance, public works, and construction. In addition, professional responders and volunteers, private nonprofit, nongovernmental groups (NGOs), such as the Red Cross, can also play an important role in emergency response. As a result, the tasks that a national emergency response system would be required to perform are more complex than simply aiding victims at the scene of a disaster, carried out by several kinds of professional users with different roles and expertise. Moreover, emergency preparedness and response lifecycle is a complex process that consists of the preparation, response, and recovery from a disaster, including planning, logistical support, maintenance and diagnostics, training, and management as well as supporting the actual activities at a disaster site and post-recovery after the incident.

Faced with a disaster, populations and victims are also the first links of rescue and solidarity. Uniting around local officials, helping neighbors, or local and spontaneous contribution to support emergency services are increasingly highlighted at each new major event. Faced with a chaotic context and in the absence of structured emergency services, people are self-organizing to deal with it. In France, the law of modernization of the civil security of August 13th 2004 puts the citizen at the ground of the civil resilience. However, 14 years later, this principle remains difficult to apply in the field. Concepts such as population resilience or community resilience and multiple initiatives have emerged to reinvest people in crisis management. However, (1) the identification and modelisation of the different types of behavior of populations and (2) their consideration in the rescues opérations management are still major issues of crisis management research. From a scientific and technological point of view, the INPLIC project focuses on the regeneration of the proximity link between emergency services and populations in crisis situations. This project aims to define, design and deploy a set of devices in order to improve local population behavior in the operations management. INPLIC project is structured on four complementary topics: 1 / analysis of typical behaviors of populations faced to a crisis situation. Observe, analyze and characterize structuring behaviors (mutual aid, solidarity) and destructuring (panic, looting, delinquency) for relief. Which anticipation (s) can be predicted according to the territory concerned? 2 / the design of vectors for regenerate the link betwwen rescue and population. On which technical specifications and solutions to rely ? 3 / the integration of this information in the conduct of rescue operations. How to capitalize the acts of "solidarity initiatives" in "initial link" integrated into the mobilisable operational chain? 4 / the emergence of service innovations based on the diversity of stakeholder networks. Why and how to redefine methods of collective action integrating the principle of proximity between populations and emergency services? The results of the INPLIC project are intended to generate institutional, economic and social impacts. The INPLIC institutional effects are in line with the strategies promoted by the public authorities and civil society to cope with crisis situations, such as the 2016 national cause carried by the federation of french firemen, the French Red Cross and civil protection. In addition, the results of the project will be able to impact the national doctrine, this through the approvals of civil security associations including the "C" mission related to the supervision of volunteers (spontaneous or not) during actions to support the affected population. The institutional challenge addressed by the INPLIC project is therefore an issue of recognition, relaying information to the local public services (AMF, prefecture) and national (ENSOSP) and finally standardization of public action. The INPLIC project also aims to generate economic impacts, through industrial partnerships and prototypes and use cases developed.

FIRE-IN has been designed to raise the security level of EU citizens by improving the national and European Fire & Rescue (F&R) capability development process. FIRE-IN addresses the concern that capability-driven research and innovation in this area needs much stronger guidance from practitioners and better exploitation of the technology potentially available for the discipline. We argue that this is to be achieved by practitioners more effectively coordinating on operational needs, on available research and innovation, on standardisation, and on test & demonstration and training. Further, we claim the need for the development of a common research culture that is to be achieved by better cooperation between practitioner and research/industry organisations. FIRE-IN addresses these objectives through four main areas of activity: (i) the identification and harmonisation of operational capability gaps based on the contribution provided by a significant and heterogeneous practitioner network, (ii) the identification of promising solutions to address those gaps through monitoring and screening of research outcomes and the continuous involvement of research and industry representatives, (iii) the definition of a F&R Strategic Research and Standardisation Agenda (SRSA) based on the previous elements as well as (iv) the development of a concept for more efficient use of test & demonstration and training facilities to support innovation and joint skill development. The overarching result of the project will be a proven process for organising F&R capability-driven research based on a wide practitioner and research and innovation network. The network will be linked at cross-domain and cross-border level and will feed harmonised operational requirements (or challenges) into national and EU capability development, i.e. research, innovation, procurement and standardisation programmes.