Ambient temperatures and air pollution are considered as the most important environmental health risk factors causing more than half a million premature deaths every year in Europe alone. However, there is still an insufficient understanding of other short-term health impacts such as occupational health. Moreover, current early warning systems are generally based on temperature or air pollution thresholds only and they do not account for the inequalities in vulnerability of the exposed workforce. OCCU-GUARD will go beyond these limitations by analysing occupational accident risks associated with the joint exposure to ambient temperatures and air pollution in Europe, describing its modification by key socioeconomic factors, and developing a new generation of Pan-European multi-hazard occupational health early warning system accounting for real risks and impacts on the vulnerable workforce. Towards this aim, OCCU-GUARD will generate an enormous database with daily counts of occupational accidents disaggregated by sociodemographic vulnerable groups, together with the best climate, air pollution and macroeconomic datasets. Afterwords, the project will characterize epidemiological models between air pollution and temperature observations and occupational health records; the project will analyse the effect of macroeconomic cycles on these relationships; and the project will use these models to transform temperature and air quality forecasts into occupation health predictions representing the first Pan-European multi-hazard occupational health early warning system. OCCU-GUARD will largely contribute to the EU Strategic Framework on Health and Safety at Work because it will allow the activation of fit-for-purpose alerts and emergency plans directly targeting vulnerable groups, which is relevant information to key end-users such as industries concerned with workforce well-being, outdoor workers, trade unions, healthcare institutions, insurance companies and others.

Nearly 8% of deaths are attributable to ambient temperatures, but little is known about the future impact in a warming world. I conducted studies in high-impact journals showing that this death toll can be largely reduced if a substantial degree of adaptation to ambient temperatures takes place. Adaptation strategies have been increasingly implemented in Europe in recent years, but the last IPCC report indicated that evidence of their effectiveness is still lacking. I postulate that adaptation measures are starting to generate positive benefits for the wellbeing of societies, including an adaptive response to climate change, but the degree to which they are effectively reducing human vulnerability is largely heterogeneous among and within European societies. I aim to describe the major sources of vulnerability, and if, which and to what extent societies have already started to adapt to changing conditions. Towards this aim, I will use predictive models to quantify the potential beneficial effect of early adaptation strategies through the attribution of temporal changes in human vulnerability. For that purpose, I will generate a massive database with daily counts of death for different subdomains and spatial resolutions, including data for countries, regions, cities and neighbourhoods, together with the best available climate, air pollution, influenza, socioeconomic and demographic datasets. In addition, I will combine the best epidemiological techniques with weather and climate forecasts and climate change simulations to perform an integrated predictability assessment of mortality risks and provide a realistic re-estimation of the likely range of future heat- and cold- attributable mortality. Expected results will provide a better understanding of the real impact of adaptation measures, which is key for decision-making and the design of strategies minimizing the negative impacts of future temperature rises in Europe.

Malaria remains a public health concern, with 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths reported globally in 2021. Despite the increasing prevention and control measures driven by the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly half of the population is still at risk of malaria, with a reported increase in the incidence of imported malaria in European countries. To this end, implementing large-scale, high-coverage, early diagnosis, and accurate prognosis of severe malaria is critical to reducing the impact of malaria in Europe. Due to its high sensitivity, parasite counting by microscopy observation is the current gold standard method. However, it is inappropriate for its application at the point of care (PoC). The rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on lateral flow assay are the best option for PoC testing since they accomplish the REASSURED criteria WHO recommends. However, this method doesn't provide quantitative prognostic information and has proved low clinical sensitivity with low parasitemia samples (asymptomatic parasite carriers). With this aim, I propose for the first time the development of a smartphone-powered electrophoretic-driven aptamer paper-based LFA capable of providing a quantitative measurement of 2 parasite (PfHRP2, pan-pLDH) and 2 host (ang-2 and CRP) malaria biomarkers within minutes. Compared to capillarity-driven LFA, the flow control by electrophoresis enables the application of different synergic strategies to increase assay sensitivity, such as integrated incubation steps and purification of interfering biomolecules. Highly specific aptamers will be developed by a fast and cost-effective microfluidic selection approach, used as bioreceptors with stability for electrokinetics. This will enable an early diagnosis and an accurate prognosis of malaria, reducing the risk of developing severe symptoms. Upon successfully validating the device in non-endemic areas (host institution), I expect its use in low-resource, malaria-endemic areas.

Annually, malaria causes 200 million clinical cases and more than half a million deaths. Works carried out more than 40 years ago demonstrated that a malaria vaccine offering sterile protective immunity in humans was possible, but the efforts to develop a modern, recombinant ‘subunit’ malaria vaccine only confer short term protection against clinical malaria in 35-50% of recipients. Several evidences support the presence of foreign short N-glycans and other minor glycosylations in the surfaces of the parasite, Plasmodium faciparum, the causative agent of malaria. In addition, recent studies show that Plasmodium sporozoites present also unknown α-galactose containing antigens in their surface and that antibodies against them provide sterile protection against malaria in mice. We propose to completely characterize the protein glycosylation present in the surface of the extracellular sporozoites, that travel from the mosquito to the liver, and merozoites, that invade human erythrocytes. We will use different quasi-targeted glycoproteomic approaches, based on the expected simplicity and low variability of these glycosylations in the parasite surface and their affinity to well characterized lectins. The investigation of these uncommon parasitic glycosylations may expose an unexpected Achilles’ heel in the Plasmodium parasite that could be exploited to halt sporozoite development and/or stop merozoite invasion and induce protection against malaria, mimicking what has already been achieved using carbohydrate-protein conjugate vaccines against bacterial infections.

REGENERATE explores gender differences in how urban natural environments (UNE, comprising parks, seaside, and other green and blue spaces in cities) can support psychological restoration (i.e. recovery of depleted cognitive and psychophysiological resources, including recovery from psychological stress). It addresses challenges of urban sustainability, gender inequality, and poor mental health – all key for Europe and Horizon. The nature-health research field suggests that nature contact is restorative and promotes long-term health benefits. However, to date nature-health theories and evidence tend to lack a gender focus. This is despite women are up to seven times more likely than men to report depression. Regenerate explores how restorative benefits of UNE can be affected by gender (e.g. socio-cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviours), due to gender roles and relations (e.g. childcare responsibilities), gender stereotypes (i.e. what is socio-culturally appropriate for women) and sex-related biological attributes (i.e. needs to use restroom more often than men) – thus addressing a key theoretical and empirical blind spot. Specific objectives include i. reviewing evidence and identify factors affecting women’s nature-health restorative pathways in UNE, ii. exploring gender-specific experiences in UNE and related long-term restorative benefits, and iii. integrate findings into policy. The methodology includes a review of the evidence and analyses of secondary data on nature-health from four European countries representing diverse European regions. Results then inform real-world policy. REGENERATE contributes to policies for healthy, gender inclusive, and sustainable cities (SDG3 Good Health & Wellbeing, SDG5 Gender Equality, SDG11 Sustainable Cities and Communities). It contributes to making cities good for all, guided by the feminist urbanism principle that if public spaces are good for women, they will be good enough for everyone.