Counterfeit products, particularly cloning of different electronics devices, are emerging as a significant problem in many industries and technologies. One way to approach this problem is to create Physical Uncloneable Functions (PUFs). They are a relatively recent invention providing an alternative method to generate secrets for unique identification or cryptographic key generation. Instead of storing the secret in digital memory, or asking a user to provide it, it is derived from a physical characteristic of the system. The assumption is that the secret cannot be copied, as it is bound to a physical entity which cannot be cloned. Furthermore, it is assumed that the probability of finding two devices with identical physical characteristics is very low. Hence, using this atomistic variability could create unique fingerprints which can be used to securely and precisely identify a specific device or an object. As a result, PUFs have the potential to revolutionise the way that resource-constrained (e.g. IoT) devices are authenticated. When compared to existing solutions they offer small footprints, use fewer resources and provide much greater security. Existing demonstrations of PUFs have been limited, however, and results are constrained by statistics. A lack of validation through large-scale testing or simulations is a significant barrier to adoption. Hence, one of the aims of this proposal is to address this issue. In this fellowship, two possible structures will be explored as a PUF: a Resonant Tunnelling Diode (RTD) and a Single Electron Transistor (SET). Both devices encapsulate a quantum nanostructure. RTDs and SETs display an exotic I-V characteristic not seen in classical devices, with the nanostructure only allowing electrons to exist at well-defined energy levels. Current can only flow through the device at these energies, thus, this type of devices allows current to flow only at well-defined voltages. These voltage peaks are highly dependent on the quantum confinement exhibited within the nanostructure, which is subject to the overall atomic arrangement of the device. Hence, the device output is directly linked to atom-scale variations and could be used as unique 'fingerprints' to distinguish each device. Moreover, the devices at the heart of this proposal (RTD and SET) are compatible with the current CMOS technology. It can be manufactured from a wide range of materials, at different scales and in different configurations. However, finding the optimal design for incorporation into existing fabrication processes by trial and error would be time consuming and expensive. This is a significant barrier to exploitation of those devices. Hence, the other aim of this fellowship is to overcome this significant barrier by combining theory and simulations with experiments, addressing fundamental issues and providing insight that leads to improvement of the fabrication processes. This project brings together three UK company and one research groups in the University of Glasgow to deliver progress in the field of improving the design parameters and performance of RTDs and SETs for a specific PUF application.

Electech, covering areas such as sensors, power electronics, embedded computing, wireless communication technology, autonomous systems and large-area electronics, is predicted to play a foundational role in the future development of industries and value chains. It is central to Innovate UK's core strategy and its importance to future economic growth cannot be overstated. It is vital that the UK maintains a strong electronics design and technology base in the face of international developments. The proposed European chips act (February 2022), will mobilise 43 43 billion euros by 2030 in 'policy-driven investment' for the EU's semiconductor sector. The US CHIPS Act will result in a $280 billion investment to bolster their semiconductor capacity, catalyse R&D, create regional high-tech hubs and grow a more inclusive STEM workforce. The UK has a very vibrant but dispersed, electronic systems academic community, organised into larger activities in the universities of Glasgow, Imperial College London, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Sheffield, Southampton, University College London and Queen's University Belfast as well as satellite activities in a range of other universities. The community have been able to organise into an effective electronic systems community via the eFutures network (EPSRC eFutures2.0: Addressing Future Challenges grant, May2019-2023). In addition to growing the community, the objectives of the existing eFutures2.0 network had been to explore multidisciplinary opportunities for the sector. The successes of eFutures include: the organisation of 20+ in-person and online events (1825 attendees); the creation of a new website and a YouTube channel with 34 videoed talks (speakers from 19 countries) with a total of 1180 views; increased network membership by over 400% and move from a pure mailout model to include social media, achieving 64% of event attendees who had not previously engaged with the network; the delivery of two new, strategic landscaping reports: 'UK Landscape in AI & Brain-Inspired Computing Hardware' (Q4 2021) and 'Electronics for Healthcare: R&D across the UK' (expected Q1 2023). The 2021 Report had national media coverage, follow-up events (150 attendees), an upcoming, high-value proposal and a mention in the EPSRC Delivery Plan. The Healthcare Report results from online and in-person events (264 attendees) leading to a Programme Grant proposal. The network funded six multidisciplinary, concept projects (£78k), benefitting 11 academics across ten UK and four international universities; and delivered focussed engagement with 59 early-career and 30 mid-career researchers via two in-person workshops and online training. Ultimately, the aim is to further enhance the impact of UK electronics systems academic research and put the community in a strong, competitive position for collaboration with both national and international researchers, and industry. As highlighted above this will be achieved by continuing to build and growing network membership, organising the Net-Zero multidisciplinary event to engage our community more broadly in the area with other academic areas and companies to tackle this key topic, represent a strong focus on the electronics systems academic community in the UK, supporting early career researchers and growing the community by encouraging interaction or the national and international level and increasing the funding. We will achieve this by building on the successes of the eFutures2.0 activity with the same leadership team and steering group. The success and commitment to this activity is indicated by the in-kind commitment of £64,000 from our steering group companies.