The primary research question focuses on understanding what happens to the victims of modern slavery over time, particularly after they are identified and supported by statutory bodies. The study also aims to answer: How can ongoing safety from traffickers be ensured? How do victim-survivor experiences vary culturally and internationally? At what point does a victim-survivor transition to becoming a survivor-leader, taking control of their own life? What policies and services have been most effective, and what is missing from the perspective of victim-survivors? Methodology: The project employs a longitudinal approach, which involves returning to the same group of victim-survivors over time to better understand their experiences post-victimization. This approach will explore the reintegration of survivors into their communities, the risk of re-trafficking, and the long-term effects of having been trafficked. This longitudinal method contrasts with the current snapshot-based studies, filling a significant gap in existing research. Collaborations: The project is a collaboration between The Salvation Army and The Wilberforce Institute. The Salvation Army, with its international reach and experience working directly with victim-survivors, is establishing an international survivor forum. This provides a platform for involving "experts by experience" in the research. The Wilberforce Institute, known for its research into crime and exploitation, complements this by bringing academic rigor to the project. Envisaged Outputs: -The project will produce empirical data on the long-term reintegration of victims and inform policies to better address modern slavery. Some envisaged outputs include: -Policy Recommendations: Focusing on empowering survivor voices in policy delivery and improving both domestic and international understanding of the victim-survivor journey. -Establishment of a Shared Forum: A platform for exchanging ideas and interventions among victim-survivors, policymakers, and practitioners. -Ethical Guidelines: Developing guidelines to engage victim-survivors without re-traumatizing them. -Sustainable Support: The study aims to influence policy to provide meaningful support and create employment or volunteering opportunities for survivors.

The need for the UK to shift to NetZero was highlighted at COP26 in Glasgow, and there is a clear need for UK energy security. UK policy to achieving these is based on massive expansion of off-shore wind. In 2022 Crown Estate Scotland "ScotWind" auctioned 9,000 km2 of sea space in the northern North Sea, with potential to provide almost 25 GW of offshore wind. Further developments are planned elsewhere, for example, the 300 MW Gwynt Glas Offshore Wind Farm in the Celtic Sea. These developments mark a shift in off-shore wind generation, away from shallow, well mixed coastal waters to deeper, seasonally stratified shelf seas This shift offers both challenges and opportunities which this proposal will explore. Large areas of the NW European shelf undergo seasonal thermal stratification. This annual development of a thermocline, separating warm surface water from cold deep water, is fundamental to biological productivity. Spring stratification drives a bloom of growth of the microscopic phytoplankton that are the base of marine food chains. During summer the surface layer is denuded of nutrients and primary production continues in a layer inside the thermocline, where weak turbulent mixing supplies nutrients from the deeper water and mixes oxygen and organic material downward. Tidal flows generate turbulence; the strength of turbulence controls the timing of the spring bloom, mixing at the thermocline, and the timing of remixing of the water in autumn/winter. Determining the interplay between mixing and stratification is fundamental to understanding how shelf sea biological production is supported. Arrays of large, floating wind turbines are now being deployed over large areas of seasonally-stratifying seas. These structures will inject extra turbulence into the water, as tidal flows move through and past them. This extra turbulence will alter the balance between mixing and stratification: spring stratification and the bloom could occur later, biological growth inside the thermocline could be increased, and more oxygen could be supplied into the deep water. There could be significant benefits of this extra mixing, but we need to understand the whole suite of effects caused by this mixing to aid large-scale roll-out of deep-water renewable energy. eSWEETS will conduct observations at an existing floating wind farm in the NW North Sea to determine how the extra mixing generated by tides passing through the farm affect the physics, biology and chemistry of the water. We will measure the mixing of nutrients, organic material and oxygen within the farm, and track the down-stream impacts of the mixing as the water moves away from the wind farm and the phytoplankton respond to the new supply of nutrients. We will use autonomous gliders to observe the up-stream and down-stream contrasts in stratification and biology all the way through the stratified part of the year. We will use our observations to formulate the extra mixing in a computer model of the NW European shelf, so that we can then use the model to predict how planned renewable energy developments over the next decades might affect our shelf seas and how those effects might help counter some of the changes we expect in a warming climate. Stratification is so fundamental to how our seas support biological production that we will develop a new, cost-effective way of monitoring it. We will work with the renewables industry and modellers at the UK Met Office on a technique that allows temperature measurements to be made along the power cables that lie on the seabed between wind farms and the coast. Our vision is that large-scale roll-out of windfarms will lead to the ability to measure stratification across the entire shelf. This monitoring will help the industry (knowledge of operating conditions), government regulators (environment responses to climate change) and to operational scientists at the UK Met Office (constraining models for better predictions).

Primary production and carbon export across the Flamborough frontal system: interaction with offshore wind energy. 1st year is the PG Diploma and research and Industry preparation. Years 2-4 are a PhD at one of the CDT universities.

The grant application is to upgrade the preclinical scanning facilities for nuclear imaging of small animals (mice and rats) at the University of Hull. These facilities are used for research into disease and human health. The main areas that will be tackled are the diagnosis and staging of disease (particularly cancer) along with the personalised selection of treatment (e.g. whether radiotherapy or chemotherapy is the best treatment, and even which drug will be the most likely to successfully treat the patient). Preclinical scanning allows the use of the animal models in the most effective and essential way to validate radiopharmaceutical drugs before they can be taken into clinical trials in humans. The quality of the data also means that fewer animals are required to understand the drug and demonstrate whether it is suitable for clinical trials in humans. Radiopharmaceuticals use a miniscule amount of a radioactive substance, generally produced on a small particle accelerator, to allow us to locate disease, track biological processes and select treatment in patients. They provide the most sensitive method and only effective way for tracking molecular level processes non-invasively in the human body. We have invented new radiopharmaceutical drug candidates at the University of Hull and are also working with both UK based and international pharmaceutical companies to provide data to allow their drugs to progress through to clinical testing and ultimately approved for routine human use (i.e. in the NHS). We support clinicians in developing and testing new drug treatments to determine effective doses and treatment regimes for them to use in patients. The high quality information obtained from the preclinical imaging studies means that these compounds can rapidly and efficiently be tested and validated. This forms part of a translational pathway in Hull with preclinical research linking through to NHS patient scanning. We can carry out research patient scans and will use the preclinical scanners to gather the data to take new radiopharmaceuticals through to the clinic using our new human production facility on the hospital site (the Molecular Imaging Research Centre at Castle Hill Hospital, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust). .

The intestine is the location of diseases of enormous social and economic impact, like the inflammatory bowel disease (affecting about 1 person in every 500 in the UK) and the colon carcinoma (the second most frequent malignancy in developed countries). In addition numerous infectious agents use the intestinal tract to gain access into the body. The intestine therefore fulfils an important mechanical and immunological barrier function. Alterations of this barrier count among the diverse factors that predispose to the development of conditions that affect the intestine. Understanding how the intestinal barrier develops and maintains its integrity is key to prevent those diseases. An important component of the intestinal barrier are the epithelial cells, which constitute the largest cell population of the intestine and bear a so called brush border. The brush border is a complex anatomical structure whose assembly is still not well understood. We will use a cell line with characteristics of intestinal epithelial cells to investigate the consequences of altering the components of the brush border. By doing so we will learn about the assembly of the intestinal barrier and the consequences of its disruption for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and other conditions.