The FRIIME project addresses the question: ‘Can the intramolecular stable isotope composition be used to enhance the Forensic Intelligence capabilities to track the origin of home-made explosives and psychoactive substances?’ In the battle against the illicit drugs market, methodologies have been developed to address origin determination and trafficking route dismantlement for various scheduled molecules: this is the concept of drug profiling. Profiling methods can rely on synthetic impurities, residual solvents, etc. In FRIIME, the same objective will be pursued but using the powerful intrinsic marker of the isotopic content of the molecules in question. In recent years, stable isotope strategies have proved to be a valuable resource in various forensic fields, including explosives and illicit drugs. However, these prior studies were conducted using isotope ratio measured by Mass Spectrometry (irm-MS), which only allows the isotopic characterisation to be applied to the whole molecule of interest. FRIIME, by resorting to a cutting edge isotopic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodology, will investigate the position-specific distribution of isotopes in two common explosives, two well-known cutting agents used with illicit drugs and one new psychoactive substance. Isotopic 13C NMR will be applied to target molecules in order to refine the data obtained by irm-MS, as has already been demonstrated for counterfeiting of medicines. Furthermore, isotopic 15N NMR will be developed as a very pertinent contribution to the analyses of explosives. By collecting a larger number of parameters characteristic of the studied products than are currently obtainable, a new strategic and tactical paradigm will be made available to Law Enforcement Agencies enabling models of greater sophistication and predictive power to be developed, including the origins of raw materials and chemical reaction pathways used to manufacture targeted products. FRIIME is an ambitious and breakthrough project proposing a new approach made possible by uniting analytical chemists specialised in isotope analysis with scientists specialised in forensic applications. Innovative spin-offs from FRIIME can be expected in the following areas: • Rationalization of the connection between forensic science and intelligence-led policing: more data on position-specific isotope, 13C and 15N composition of home-made explosives (ammonium nitrate and urea nitrate) from different manufacturing processes, on psychoactive drugs (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine) , and on different cutting agents (caffeine, phenacetin). These data will serve to build refined models with which to combat crime. • An improved, more robust methodology through the high-precision isotopic characterization of a drug or an explosive for determining the origin of the raw materials and/or the manufacturing process used. • A protocol for isotopic NMR that can be adapted to other forensic fields, such as the environment (ground water or soil contamination), food control and toxicology, or counterfeit medicines. • Applications of a new instrumental methodology to other research domains: metabolomics, fluxomics and isotopomics. The success of the FRIIME project requires the interaction of scientific skills in quantitative NMR, Isotope Analytical Chemistry and Forensic investigation. To fulfil its purposes, FRIIME is built as a Collaborative Research Project associating two public partners: 1) the academic research team of the Isotope Analysis Group (EBSI) of CEISAM (Nantes), providing its innovative NMR platform, and 2) the French Police Forensic Institute: INPS (Lyon), providing a long-term experience in illicit drug profiling, including the use of its own irm-MS. Thanks to its expertise and experience in the areas of illicit drugs and explosives, INPS is in a unique position to provide a collection of real samples, thus guaranteeing an operational outcome, in accordance with the expectations of the law enforcement agencies.

The call for projects « Partenariats avec l’Enseignement Supérieur Africain (PEA) », is part of an ambitious approach to support university partnerships contributing to the capacity building of African institutions and to the multiplication of exchanges between institutions, which in terms of the development of the training offer, educational innovation or scientific collaboration. The partnership should also make it possible to contribute to the socioeconomic development of the country and promote the access, participation and promotion of women in / in the selected sectors. The project led by the Faculty of Health Sciences (FSS) of the University of Lomé (UL), the Odontology UFR of the University of Paris, Faculty of Health and the Odontology UFR of the the University of Nantes is part of this ambitious and innovative approach. The objective of the project is to support the creation of an odontology branch of the Faculty of Health Sciences (FSS) of the University of Lomé (UL) by training young dental surgeons and future teachers in the different branches of dental medicine. It is based on innovative pedagogical approaches (simulation) and aims to be attractive to Togolese students and those of the sub-region. Beyond the odontology sector, it is a question of spreading these innovative practices within various sectors of the University of Lomé by strengthening exchanges between health training courses through the establishment of common courses and access to training through research. In Togo, the recent report of the National Order of Dentists notes the existence of only 25 active dentists out of 8 million inhabitants, which represents approximately 1 dentist for more than 300,000 inhabitants, one of the lowest rates in the world. If the supply of training does not develop, there will be hardly any working dentists in 20 years. Faced with this major public health issue, it was a real political will on the part of the University of Lomé to open within the Faculty of Health Sciences (FSS), by order N ° 046 / UL / P / SG / 2019 of November 13, 2019, from the academic year 2019-2020, the field of dental surgery. This Odontology stream will be organized over seven years of study, with a two-year core curriculum with medicine. The implementation of this training will make it possible to respond to the various public health challenges linked to the promotion of oral health (prevention, access to care), to create jobs and to participate in the national and international influence of the university of Lomé. From a global perspective, the SMILE project places the university as a central actor in national development. The development of the profession of Dentist in Togo is today, more than a public health issue, a real health emergency insofar as all too often these professions are sometimes occupied by poorly qualified people. The challenge of our project is to co-construct with all the institutional actors, an ambitious, lasting and sustainable vision of success promoting the development of the dentistry sector in Togo. The University of Lomé would thus become a pedagogical innovation hub for the entire region and sub-region, allowing the spread of innovative pedagogical practices beyond the dentistry sector. The SMILE project will be able to contribute to job creation by opening dental practices and strengthening the economic fabric with the desire to help resolve a major public health issue through the development of an appropriate healthcare offer. Our project will be committed to developing actions to support young women from modest backgrounds to support them in pursuing higher education and successful professional integration with the concern of spreading the model of equal opportunities developed.

EPIC addresses the industrial scale development of an encapsulation process based on the generation of calibrated droplets of aqueous phase and their coating by crossing a liquid-liquid interface. The objective is to produce monodisperse capsules with controlled shell size, thickness and content. The project is based on the process cDICE (Continuous Droplet Crossing Encapsulation), Patent EP 2456550 A1, July, 2010) patented by one of the partners, which consists in forming droplets and forcing them by centrifugation to cross an interface between two immiscible liquids. The use of a centrifugal force allows a large range of flow regimes to be reached when crossing the interface, both in terms of centrifugal force and droplet deformation (Reynolds number and Bond number). The potential of the concept has been successfully explored for the production of vesicles (cDICE Project of the ANR Programme Emergence 2011-2014) and might be now extended to capsules production provided appropriate hydrodynamics running operations are used, i.e. inertial regime. The project investigates the shell formation around the droplet and the stiffening of the shell to produce capsules of controlled thickness. The goal is to build a prototype fulfilling industrial requests in terms of capsule size (chosen ranges from 10 to 1000 ?m), shell thickness and productivity (about tens cm3/hour). The main scientific and technological locks are: - The characterization of the mechanisms of droplet coating, at the single droplet scale, and their modelling according to physical and physical-chemical process parameters. - The identification and modelling of the limiting phenomena when transposing the process from a single droplet to the diluted emulsion (multi-droplets): hydrodynamic interactions during the interface crossing, coalescence and stability of coated droplets - The controlled transport of the capsules from the centrifugal environment to the hardening chamber to ensure the stability of the suspension, which is required to promote the establishment of a continuous process. In addition, the stability of the diluted emulsion and the capsule suspension will be enhanced by the optimization of the formulation. This formulation, of utmost concern to guarantee stability and non-coalescence of droplets and capsules, will be thoroughly addressed and controlled throughout the whole process. Experimental and numerical approaches will be developed to model the properties of the coated droplets according to the physicochemical and hydrodynamic process parameters. The project includes a multi scale and multi-disciplinary approach ranging from the study of the droplet coating mechanism to the development and implementation of a prototype. Based on the development and the extrapolation of an innovative process, the project perfectly enters the frame of the DEFI 3 «stimuler le renouveau industriel», axe 3 «matériaux et procédés multifonctionnels multi-échelles ».