The use of laser-induced shock waves (LSW) for characterizing coatings’ interfaces was first developed in USA, but validated a few years ago in France. The main physical principle deals with the generation of a local and intense stress loading inside materials, due to the crossing of incident and reflected release waves. The localization of tensile applied stresses is directly associated with the pressure pulse duration: the longer the pressure pulse, the deeper the applied tensile stress. This means that long pressure pulses (due to long laser pulses) will allow characterizing thick materials (including coating and substrate) whereas short pulses will be restricted to thin systems, with stresses applied very near free surfaces. This new technique of characterization allows quantifying damage thresholds (debonding stresses) at interfaces by the use of a combined experimental (VISAR velocimetry) and numerical approach. However, the use of constant pulse durations in the different laser systems, is really restrictive to test a large range of coatings’ thicknesses. The ARCOLE project, propose by three main partners : PIMM (UMR 8006 CNRS – Arts et Métiers Paris-Tech), LERMPS (EA3316 – UTBM) and PPRIME (UPR 3346 CNRS), aims at using laser-shock waves with adjustable pulse durations, to test substrate-coating interfaces, with a specific focus on thermal spray coatings. The investigation of interface debonding will be carried out using a dual experimental (VISAR velocimetry) + numerical approach in order to understand precisely the physical processes involved, and to reach quantitative stress values. Four aspects will be considered: (1)The characterization of laser-matter interaction and pressure loading P=f(t), on a large range of pulse durations (5 ns – 100 ns), never investigated before in water confined regime, (2) The experimental and numerical analysis of shock wave propagation in heterogeneous materials (including interfaces such as Al substrate / NiAl plasma sprayed coating), and the validation of interface testing for different systems thicknesses, corresponding to different pulse durations, (3) The use of LSW to test the adhesion of thermal barrier with various thicknesses. Considering 100 µm to 1000 µm thick classical ZrO2-Y2O3 system, with or without sub-layers , we will investigate the influence of different substrates pre-treatments versus adhesion strengths. For similar coating thickness, the objective will be to identify the most influent parameters (physico-chemistry, morphology, mechanics) conducing to the best adhesion properties. A comparison with conventional adhesion tests will also be carried out, (4) The use of LSW for analyzing the thermal or thermo-mechanical ageing of thermal barrier systems, including the influence of oxidation, sintering or phase transformation during the lifetime of coatings. For this work, ARCOLE project requires two doctoral positions: one dedicated to laser-matter analysis (PIMM), and the second one on the influence of pre-treatments and ageing on adhesion strengths (LERMPS, PPRIME). This project is a completely modified version of 2011’ submitted project CLASSE. It aims at supporting the new laser-shock Ile de France platform (already granted by Sesame Hephaistos and labeled by Francilian Fed of Mechanics). More widely, it will contribute to the scientific excellence of the French community of laser-shock waves, worldwide well known already.

In this project, the consortium wishes to develop joint prostheses of new generation made of a new titanium alloy, shaped by a laser additive building (CLAD® process, see description in appendix). The innovative combination of the TiNb titanium alloy specific properties and CLAD® process will substantially reduce the source of prostheses loosening. The metastable titanium alloys developed by LEM3 partner exhibit a Young modulus much closer to that of bone, compared to the Ti alloys currently in use. These new biomimetic alloys are made from elements considered as bio-inerts (Nb, Zr, Y, N, Si). Different optimized microstructures based on thermo-mechanical treatments have resulted in a very low Young’s modulus (20 – 40 GPa) and high resistance. The CLAD® process allows shaping parts that conventional process (e.g., forging, casting) cannot; its flexibility enables the manufacturing of biomimetics shapes applicable to individual parts close to the morphological parameters of patients. The major technological advance relies in the metallurgical behavior of the alloy TiNb considered. Indeed, it is mandatory to validate the remained material properties in the different processing steps (pre-alloy ingot, atomizing, CLAD development of structure, etc.). Volumes and surfaces will therefore be exhaustively characterized (metallurgical, mechanical, electrochemical and biological) as there is currently no data available in the literature. The second important aspect developed in this project concerns the multi-materials concept. The alternative implementation is to start with a smaller piece of a standard Ti alloy manufactured by conventional routes, particularly in the metaphysal portion of a joint implant. Therefore, only additive forms manufactured with CLAD® will fill the volume in the medullary canal, adapting the prosthesis to the patient’s morphology, limiting hence the TiNb volume only to the parts in contact with bone. In order to achieve this goal, the additive building with TiNb alloy start on a Ti conventional alloy part. The understanding, control and optimization of how the intermediate layers are built with respect to specific metallurgical behaviors will be studied and fully characterized. This program aims at proposing a new concept for developing customized prostheses, leading to a major change in the current industrial scheme. The concept will promote an increase in the lifetime of the implant and a better quality of life of patients, because of an enhanced osteointegration: gradient in properties, biomimetic properties, localized functional surfaces.

The HYMALAYAN project proposes the elaboration by an original process, in a single step and in a confined system, of in-situ-controlled nanocomposite layers. The nanocomposites are in the form of nanoparticles (NP) from 4 to 100 nm homogeneously distributed in a matrix, but not limited in the respective chemical compositions of nanoparticles and the matrix. The method combines nanoparticle jets under vacuum (NJV) and the physical vapor deposition (PVD). It leverages the flexibility of NJV developed at CEA/IRAMIS, which can be adapted to any method of synthesis of NP and that of PVD for the growth of any type of matrix. The hybridization of these two techniques is made possible by routing nanoparticles to the substrate by aerodynamic means, either immediately after their synthesis, or from a colloidal suspension . The simultaneous deposition of the particles and the matrix is achieved on the same face of the same substrate . The process is innovative in that it provides no limitation in the respective chemical compositions of nanoparticles and the matrix. The characterization of the layers is performed online during deposition by in situ ellipsometry. The source of nanoparticles can be achieved by a synthesis method in the gas phase (laser pyrolysis), which makes a process completely "by - safe design" since the synthesis of NP and the nanostructured material is made in a single step and in the same confined device. The project proposes three main issues that are process optimization, characterization (in situ and ex situ) of deposits and development of composites for industrial applications. The optimization of the process will be carried out under the responsibility of SOCRATES - Industry, in partnership with DEPHIS . Characterization of deposits will be driven by HORIBA Jobin-Yvon, who will provide spectroscopic ellipsometry in situ and ex- situ measurements by glow discharge spectrometry GD -OES and TOF- MS. The axis on the applications will aim to demonstrate the flexibility and performance of this innovative process on substrates with an area of about 10 x 10 cm2. This issue will have two components. The first, led by the company DECAYEUX Luxe will focus on the production of coatings of gold NP or other precious metal in a matrix of SiO2 on manufactures in the field of luxury objects. The objective is to obtain adherent and dense layers with aesthetic properties brought by specific optical properties of nanoparticles. The second component aims to improve the performance of silicon photovoltaic cells through the development of a material composed of doped silicon nanocrystals in a matrix of SiO2 and Si3N4. The realization of homogeneous, dense and adherent composite layers over a large area (10 x 10 cm2) with precise control of the concentration of nanoparticles in the matrix will be the final goal of the project. For this purpose, the structure of nanoscale layers will be analyzed under the responsibility of LERMPS, based in different synthesis conditions. This important aspect of the project will optimize the process to best suit the intended applications. Finally, Hymalayan will remain continuously open to other industrial applications by an active approach of dissemination of the process.

Building a sustainable city challenges all its stakeholders: public authorities, companies, planning agencies, transport operators and so on. The resolution of systemic mobility issues of sustainable city will require from these actors a multidimensional and multi-scale apprehension. In order to meet it, one step consists in structuring mobility's data in an automated and reproducible way, i.e. territory by territory and up-to European region scale. That’s why the mobility data collection, the data processing, the definition of new intelligent models and the development of a standard geographic platform are the main purposes of this proposal. The proposed NORM-ATIS approach for a comprehensive understanding of mobility behavior over a territory is a bottom-up and a decentralized approach based on existing multisource data issued from smart mobile applications, floating car data, institutional data and crowdsourcing requiring Big Data storage and treatments but also multi-scale mobility analysis and visualization. The main objectives are therefore: • to organize, structure and industrialize the collection of mobility data in the territories and their related actors, • to disseminate well-structured predictive and real time multimodal traveler information, properly mapped with its related infrastructure and topography, • to promote the use of these tools for individual and collective control of the transport and mobility system at a local level. • to exchange, consolidate and analyze these motilities on larger scales at national and at European level by a pre-normative approach,

In a context of climate change, dwindling fossil resources and mild economic growth, urban sustainability has become a key policy issue. Given the complexity of modern urban areas, designing sustainable policies calls for more than sheer expert knowledge. This is especially true of transport or land use policies, because of the strong interplay between the land use and the transportation systems. Policies that seem perfectly sound intuitively may ultimately yield undesirable effects because of this connection, which is extremely hard to apprehend without the help of numerical simulations. Land use and transport integrated (LUTI) modeling thus offers invaluable analysis tools for planners working on transportation and urban projects. Yet, very few local authorities in charge of planning make use of these strategic models. The explanation lies first in the difficulty to calibrate these models, second in the lack of confidence in their results, which itself stems from the absence of any well-defined validation procedure. This proposal aims to foster the use of LUTI models for the design and evaluation of land use and transport policies by addressing these two impediments. This involves: (a) defining a calibration methodology and developing relevant and efficient algorithms to facilitate the parameter estimation of LUTI models; (b) defining a validation methodology, in both the historical and urban economics senses, and developing the related algorithms. In both cases, analyzing the uncertainty that may arise from either the data or the underlying equations, quantifying how these uncertainties propagate in the model, and performing sensitivity analysis to determine the relevance of the various data and model parameters are of major importance. Completing these various tasks would make LUTI models easier to implement, and greatly enhance the confidence in their results. Three LUTI models will serve as sample to test the methodologies that will be developed in the CITiES project: TRANUS, UrbanSim, and PIRANDELLO. They are quite representative of LUTI models, with two equilibrium models and one activity-based model (or transition model). TRANUS and UrbanSim are open source and also the most largely applied models worldwide, while PIRANDELLO is the only operating model developed in France. The study areas are the Grenoble region for TRANUS, the Lyon region for UrbanSim and the Paris region for PIRANDELLO, which offer different local contexts. The consortium also intends to support the dissemination of LUTI models and CITiES results through significant interactions with policy-makers and end users, in the form of workshops and information meetings. Besides the scientific difficulties raised by the development of adequate methodologies, another important issue lies in the significant amount of data that is needed to perform the historical validation steps for the case studies. Data acquisition and post treatment will therefore be a task in itself. To successfully carry out the CITiES project, the consortium can draw on two main strengths: • its unique panel of experts in urban modeling, urban planning, mathematics and computer science, which is to be the cornerstone of the development of innovative tools for the calibration and the management of uncertainties in LUTI models; • the significant experience of most partners with LUTI modeling. The partnership with the IAU îdF and the AURG will also prove extremely fruitful, considering both the data issues and the firm intent to interact with end users. If the pluridisciplinary character of the project is clearly an asset, it may also constitute a more important difficulty in terms of communication between team members; particular care will be paid in the project management to ensure smooth exchanges of information and knowledge and mutual understanding between the different scientific communities involved in the project.