We are witnessing huge global shifts towards cleaner growth and more resource efficient economies. The drive to lower carbon emissions is resulting in dramatic changes in how we travel and the ways we generate and use energy worldwide. Electrical machines are at the heart of the accelerating trends in the electrification of transport and the increased use of renewable energy such as offshore wind. To address the pressing drivers for clean growth and meet the increasing demands of new applications, new electrical machines with improved performance - higher power density, lower weight, improved reliability - are being designed by researchers and industry. However, there are significant manufacturing challenges to be overcome if UK industry is going to be able to manufacture these new machines with the appropriate cost, flexibility and quality. The Hub's vision is to put UK manufacturing at the forefront of the electrification revolution. The Hub will address key manufacturing challenges in the production of high integrity and high value electrical machines for the aerospace, energy, high value automotive and premium consumer sectors. The Hub will work in partnership with industry to address some common and fundamental barriers limiting manufacturing capability and capacity: the need for in-process support to manual operations in electrical machine manufacture - e.g. coil winding, insertions, electrical connections and wiring - to improve productivity and provide quality assurance; the sensitivity of high value and high integrity machines to small changes in tolerance and the requirement for high precision in manufacturing for safety critical applications; the increasing drive to low batch size, flexibility and customisation; and the need to train the next generation of manufacturing scientists and engineers. The Hub's research programme will explore new and emerging manufacturing processes, new materials for enhanced functionality and/or light-weighting, new approaches for process modelling and simulation, and the application of digital approaches with new sensors and Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) technologies.

The use of scale resolving simulations (SRS) for single phase flow applications has already shown dramatic accuracy benefits. The term SRS encompasses methods resolving a greater spectrum of turbulence e.g. large eddy simulation (LES), quasi-direct numerical simulation and hybrid methods e.g. detached eddy simulation (DES). The purpose of this work is to extend these methods for multi-phase applications. The use of SRS for single-phase turbulent flows is an area of fluids mechanics that has been widely studied for the past twenty years but SRS of multi-phase flows remains a very understudied area. The project will develop a massively parallel, high-order, fully implicit (temporal and spatial), multi-phase scale resolving methodology and perform simulations of (1) a representative aero-engine bearing chamber, (2) a representative transmission system gear and (3) a continuous chemical reactor. It will demonstrate the next generation of multi-phase high-fidelity flow simulations. We will exploit novel computing hardware through the extension and use of a state of the art fully implicit parallel library developed at the University of Oxford. The library, which enables 'future proofing' of CFD codes for modern hardware architectures, has been shown to give a 27x speedup on a GPU compared with the Intel Math Kernel Library tri-diagonal solver on a CPU. The research will be led by Dr. Richard Jefferson-Loveday, Assistant Professor in the department of Engineering at Nottingham University. It will be undertaken in collaboration with industrial partners MAHLE Powertrain, Rolls-Royce, ROMAX and GSK.

Modelling high-frequency wave fields ranging from noise and vibration to electromagnetic waves is a challenging task. Wave simulations for large-scale, complex structures such as aeroplanes, cars or buildings are mainly based on a class of methods, known as finite element techniques, which are efficient only at low frequencies with typical length-scales of the structure being comparable to or smaller than the wavelength. Noise and vibration modelling in the automotive industry, for example, can be performed reliably with finite element techniques only up to 500Hz. An alternative technique, termed Dynamical Energy Analysis (DEA), has recently been developed in Nottingham and is based on computing energy flow equations. It has been refined to be applicable to real scale structures such as a large container ship or a tractor model from Yanmar Co, Ltd, a tractor manufacturer from Japan. The method is now used both in the engineering community and by industry. DEA exhibits a rich underlying mathematical structure, formulated in terms of an operator, known as transfer operator, originally arising in the theory of chaotic dynamical systems. In order to advance the applicability of the method further, a thorough mathematical analysis is needed. The aim of this proposal is to exploit advanced tools from functional analysis to put DEA on sound foundations and, at the same time, improve the efficiency of the method further in a systematic way. This is facilitated by recent progress in transfer operator methods and numerical analysis. The former allows for an increased flexibility in constructing new function spaces on which the operator has good spectral properties, the latter is achieved using block compression and reordering techniques for the DEA matrix based on matrix graph algorithms to improve solver efficiency and enhance parallelism. The project members have the expertise to bring these diverse fields together with Queen Mary University of London leading in transfer operator techniques, the University of Nottingham bringing in detailed knowledge on current implementations of DEA and Nottingham Trent University having the numerical analysis skills in the context of energy flow equations. The project thus constitutes a prime example where pure mathematics informs applied mathematics and the arising knowledge is channelled straight into industrial applications.

This proposal is to establish a DTC in Wind and Marine Energy Systems. It brings together the UK's leading institutions in Wind Energy, the University of Strathclyde, and Marine Energy, the University of Edinburgh. The wider aim, drawing on existing links to the European Research Community, is to maintain a growing research capability, with the DTC at is core, that is internationally leading in wind and marine energy and on a par with the leading centres in Denmark, the USA, Germany and the Netherlands. To meet the interdisciplinary research demands of this sector requires a critical mass of staff and early stage researchers, of the sort that this proposal would deliver, to be brought together with all the relevant skills. Between the two institutions, academic staff have in-depth expertise covering the wind and wave resource, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, design of wind turbines and marine energy devices, wind farms, fixed and floating structures, wind turbine, wind farm and marine energy devices control, power conversion, condition monitoring, asset management, grid-integration issues and economics of renewable energy. A centre of learning and research with strong links to the Wind and Marine Energy industry will be created that will provide a stimulating environment for the PhD students. In the first year of a four year programme, a broad intensive training will be provided to the students in all aspects of Wind and Marine Energy together with professional engineer training in research, communication, business and entrepreneurial skills. The latter will extend throughout the four years of the programme. Research will be undertaken in all aspects of Wind and Marine Energy. A DTC in Wind and Marine Energy Systems is vital to the UK energy sector for a number of reasons. The UK electricity supply industry is currently undergoing a challenging transition driven by the need to meet the Government's binding European targets to provide 15% of the UK's total primary energy consumption from renewable energy sources by 2020. Given that a limited proportion of transport and heating energy will come from such sources, it is expected that electricity supply will make the major contribution to this target. As a consequence, 40% or more of electricity will have to be generated from non-thermal sources. It is predicted that the UK market for both onshore and offshore wind energy is set to grow to £20 billion by 2015.There is a widely recognised skills gap in renewable energy that could limit this projected growth in the UK and elsewhere unless the universities dramatically increase the scale of their activities in this area. At the University of Strathclyde, the students will initially be housed in the bespoke accommodation in the Royal College Building allocated and refurbished for the existing DTC in Wind and Marine Energy Systems then subsequently in the Technology and Innovation Centre Building when it is completed. At the University of Edinburgh, the students will be housed in the bespoke accommodation in the Kings Buildings allocated and refurbished for the existing IDC in Offshore Renewable Energy. The students will have access to the most advanced design, analysis and simulation software tools available, including the industry standard wind turbine and wind farm design tools and a wide range of power system and computation modelling packages. Existing very strong links to industry of the academic team will be utilised to provide strategic guidance to the proposed DTC in Wind and Marine Energy through company membership of its Industrial Advisory Board and participation in 8 week 7 projects as part of the training year and in 3 year PhD projects. In addition, to providing suggestions for projects and engaging in the selection process, the Industry Partners provide support in the form of data, specialist software, access to test-rigs and advice and guidance to the students.

The aim of this proposal is to transform the design and manufacture of structural systems by relieving the bottleneck caused by the current practice of restricting designs to a linear dynamic regime. Our ambition is to not only address the challenge of dealing with nonlinearity, but to unlock the huge potential which can be gained from exploiting its positive attributes. The outputs will be a suite of novel modelling and control techniques which can be used directly in the design processes for structural systems, which we will demonstrate on a series of industry based experimental demonstrators. These design tools will enable a transformation in the performance of engineering structural systems which are under rapidly increasing demands from technological, economic and environmental pressures. The performance of engineering structures and systems is governed by how well they behave in their operating environment. For a significant number of engineering sectors, such as wind power generation, automotive, medical robotics, aerospace and large civil infrastructure, dynamic effects dominate the operational regime. As a result, understanding structural dynamics is crucial for ensuring that we have safe, reliable and efficient structures. In fact, the related mathematical problems extend to other modelling problems encountered in other important research areas such as systems biology, physiological modelling and information technology. So what exactly is the problem we are seeking to address in this proposal? Typically, when the behaviour of an engineering system is linear, computer simulations can be used to make very accurate predictions of its dynamic behaviour. The concept of end-to-end simulation and virtual prototyping, verification and testing has become a key paradigm across many sectors. The problem with this simulation based approach is that it is built on implicit assumptions of repeatability and linearity. For example, many structural analysis methods are based on the concept of a frequency domain charaterisation, which assumes that response of the system can be characterised by linear superposition of the response to each frequency seperately. But, the response of nonlinear systems is known to display amplitude dependence, sensitivity to transient effects in the forcing, and potential bistability or multiplicity of outcome for the same input frequency. As a result, when the system is nonlinear (which is nearly always the case for a large number of important industrial problems) it is almost impossible to make dynamic predictions without introducing very limiting approximations and simplifications. For example, throughout recent history, there have been many examples of unwanted vibrations; Failure of the Tacoma Narrows bridge (1940); cable-deck coupled vibrations on the DongTing Lake Bridge (1999); human induced vibration on the Millennium Bridge (2000); NASA Helios failure (2003); Coupling between thrusters and natural frequencies of the flexible structure on the International Space Station (2009); Landing gear shimmy. In many cases, the complexity of modern designs has outstripped our ability to understand their dynamic behaviour in detail. Even with the benefit of high power computing, which has enabled engineers to carry out detailed simulations, interpreting results from these simulations is a fundamental bottleneck, and it would seem that our ability to match experimental results is not improving, due primarily to the combination of random and uncertain effects and the failure of the linear superposition approach. As a result a new type of structural dynamics, which fully embraces nonlinearity, is urgently needed to enable the most efficient design and manufacture of the next generation of engineering structures.