The proposed project seeks to increase insight into the extent and the way in which the (non-)normativity of rape impacts observers? negative reactions to rape victims, with an eye to contributing to the understanding of secondary victimization. In particular it concerns the contradiction with gender stereotypes and the reaction to masculine, male rape victims. It does so in a series of experimental, randomized, vignette-based studies, with implicit measures as the main outcome variables. It examines the role of disgust and the impact of victim demeanor following victimization on observers? reactions and the cognitive strategies observers adopt to resolve experienced distress.

Air pollution in the urban environment is an important problem and a relevant scientific and societal issue. Currently, one of the most dangerous forms of air pollution is particulate matter (PM). According to the World Health Organization, daily and long-term exposure to PM is strongly connected to human morbidity, mortality and several diseases. In urban environments, road traffic gives a major contribution to PM pollution due to high traffic intensities. Pollutant dispersion in urban areas is of special importance: (1) approximately 55% of the world population lives in urban areas (expected to increase to 68% in 2050); (2) there is a high density of both people and pollution sources; and (3) the built environment significantly modifies the mean velocity, turbulence and temperature fields, and thus pollutant dispersion, when compared to its rural counterpart. The characteristic properties of urbanized areas are distinct from open and flat terrain and result in specific and complex temperature, velocity and pollutant concentration fields. Furthermore, the flow field and pollutant dispersion is sensitive to the atmospheric stability. Currently, most of the investigations related to the urban environment assume so-called neutral conditions. Therefore, this project will overcome this limitation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigations incorporating atmospheric stability and urban pollutant dispersion, divided in three sub-projects: (1) addition and detailed assessment of atmospheric stability into the CFD methods; (2) effect of atmospheric stability on the flow and pollutant dispersion around buildings; (3) applicability of novel methods of PM reduction in urban environments.

There is a need for more energy system integration, while the autonomy of individual systems is necessary to cope with the exploding complexity of multiple buildings and their interaction with the electricity grid. The use of Big Data in combination with deep learning techniques offers new opportunities to better predict energy consumption and decentralized production of renewable energy (for example, based on local weather data taking into account local phenomena such as urban heat islands). This combined with multi-agent systems with a cooperative approach provides decentralized control and monitoring autonomy to further reduce the complexity of energy system integration.

Surface nanobubbles are nanoscopic gaseous domains on immersed substrates, which can survive for days. They are not only interesting from a fundamental point of view, as the flow and the mass transfer on a nanoscale have macroscopic consequences, but they also have major application potential, e.g., in flotation, for transport in nanofluidic devices, in (photo) catalysis, and in nanomaterial engineering. The presence of surface nanobubbles and nanodroplets has implications for various interfacial properties and phenomena and thus is relevant for all applications where these properties matter. For more details we refer to our recent Rev. Mod. Phys. article on surface nanobubbles and nanodroplets. We have divided this project into two parts: (i) the stability of gaseous surface nanobubbles and simulation of nanodrops on solid surfaces to characterize the wetting phenomena on chemically and physically heterogeneous surfaces (ii) Dissolution of surface nanodrops in another liquid.

Damage caused by fluctuations in museum climate is regarded as one of the main risks to museum collections. Therefore very strict standards for climate specifications have developed, leading to high implementation and energy costs. Based on research done since the 1990s, these specifications are now seen as unrealistic and unnecessarily strict, however, extensive research is required to convince the conservation community that these specifications can be relaxed without causing damage to susceptible objects, such as wooden panels (paintings and furniture). The aim of the Climate4Wood proposal is (1) to identify the RH fluctuations that decorated wooden panels can safely sustain (the allowable fluctuations) and (2) in consequence to develop rational guidelines for the climate specifications in the museums. Therefore it is important to understand the response of wooden panels and the damage failure criteria. The project outcome enables the development of a decision-making model that will help museums to become more sustainable, by balancing the cost and preservation of the collection. Based on a museum study (PhD 1), consisting of a systematic analysis of a collection of decorated panels, reconstructions will be made to measure the hygrothermal properties of oak. The results are used as input for a material and mechanical modeling study (PhD 2), to model climate and age induced stresses and deformations. A postdoc will determine and model the relevant non linear elastic material properties. It is expected that combining this information will help museums throughout the world to develop rational guidelines for climate specifications. Keywords: Sustainability; indoor climate; panel paintings; decorated furniture; collection risk assessment; wood technology; modeling; aging; structural assessment.