The overarching goal of our research programme is to address aspects of the broad science challenge: "What are the basic constituents of matter and how do they interact?". In particular, by performing experiments primarily with electron and photon beams, we study questions such as "How do quarks and gluons form hadrons?", and by studying these basic, strongly-interacting building blocks we are able to tackle the question "What is the nature of nuclear matter?"

Medical imaging techniques such as MRI have revolutionised clinical diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of disease. However, they are expensive and not readily accessible outside specialist units. Imagine if instead, there was available a high-street eye test that provided diagnostic information for a range of diseases. These diseases could be neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, systemic diseases (diseases with wide-spread effect on the body) such as heart disease, or psychiatric conditions, such as depression. The test would be sensitive, picking-up signatures of disease before any symptoms were apparent and before irreparable damage had occurred, and allowing fine scale monitoring of changes in response to treatment. It would offer specificity, differentiating between diseases with different aetiologies but similar retinal manifestations. This would allow mechanistic understanding of disease progression, paving the way for future therapies. The key to realising this vision is the application of recent technological advances from microscopy, image and signal processing to high-resolution optical imaging of the living human retina. The retina, which is the tissue at the back of our eye, is in fact a part of the central nervous system and has long been recognised as a window to the brain and vasculature. In fact, psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and systemic diseases have been shown to have detectable correlates in the eye. However, current clinical technology cannot image individual cells, and so these diseases manifest in gross anatomical changes that cannot be distinguished amongst diseases. We will develop a non-invasive optical instrument, capable of imaging individual cells and testing their function, for sensitive and specific detection of these diseases. The technology would revolutionise point-of-care medicine by providing rapid, non-invasive diagnostics on a range of conditions, replacing costly, time-consuming current gold standard methods. Our team is a collaboration between technology developers and ophthalmic specialists, spanning engineering and medical science within partner institutions. We already have experience in human participant testing across the life-span with bespoke optical instrumentation, and extensive experience in commercialisation of technology, industrial partnership and spin-outs. The required technological components - for example, optical interferometry, adaptive optics, spectroscopic and polarisation techniques, holography, and dedicated image and signal processing - are available in the related fields of microscopy and ophthalmoscopy, but delivering an integrated instrumentation package remains a significant engineering challenge. The development phase will be vital for establishing proof-of-principle demonstrations to engage stakeholders, and to target efforts to those areas that are most likely to have 'disruptive' impact in healthcare. Stakeholders - clinicians, industry partners and patient groups - will be engaged through local NHS Trusts and teaching hospitals, existing industry networks and charities representing specific patient cohorts. During the development phase we will widen and deepen these networks. With a long-term view, we will engage at all levels of medical training - from the pre-clinical undergraduate to the established consultant. Three significant challenges facing society are the high incidence of mental health issues across the population, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases which disproportionately affect the elderly and are of great concern in an ageing society. Dementia and heart disease are the leading causes of death in the UK, and indeed world-wide. Faster and more effective diagnosis and treatment of such debilitating conditions will significantly improve outcomes for these patients. Widespread uptake of the technology will lead to new business growth through commercialisation.

The overarching goal of our research programme is to address aspects of the broad science challenge: "What are the basic constituents of matter and how do they interact?". In particular, by performing experiments primarily with electron and photon beams, we study questions such as "How do quarks and gluons form hadrons?", and by studying these basic, strongly-interacting building blocks we are able to tackle the question "What is the nature of nuclear matter?"

The aims of the proposal is to create and establish an international research network on an emerging and relatively undocumented field of Design for Social Innovation by creating a platform for knowledge sharing between researchers and practitioners in the UK and Asia-Pacific region. The term 'Social Innovation' has become widely used, actively promoted by governments, organisations, academia and businesses alike. According to the Design for Social Innovation Report published by the European Commission (2014, pg 2), they state; "Social innovation is the concept of developing new - often disruptive solutions that work towards meeting social goals." Arguably, communities and organisations have always tackled problems and effected change for the social and public good. However, in the last ten years, we have witnessed a growing interest and use of design to enable social innovation due to the on-going financial crisis in the UK, Europe and the US. Design is seen as a way to harness latent creativity and participation from various stakeholders' local, situated knowledge. With a rich history of socially focused initiatives and current political idea of the 'Big Society', UK has a leading number of practitioners and researchers currently operating in this field. The strong economic development in Asia in the last 15 years has increased the West's interest in the region. A recent report from the Australian Government Trade Commission report (AUSTRADE, 2015) suggests that the ASEAN 5's (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam) GDP growth will far outstrip the Euro zone. Furthermore, Australia is entering its 24th year of uninterrupted economic growth, with GDP projection higher than the US, UK or Europe. However, even prosperous economies like Australia, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong are facing challenges to balance sustainable economic development with social and political changes. There are now strong signs that the interest in using design to facilitate social change is growing in Asia-Pacific by the increasing number of social innovation labs being established in Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and Korea. Our proposal aims to connect UK researchers with current practices in Asia-Pacific, leveraging the experience and knowledge of leading researchers in the UK to inform practices in Asia-Pacific, while at the same time using examples from Asia-Pacific to enrich and inform the understanding of Design for Social Innovation in the UK. As such, there will be three key activities in Thailand and the UK that will bring together this dispersed community of practice. A public symposium bringing together examples from the Asia-Pacific region will be held in Bangkok, followed by a workshop aimed at identifying issues, themes and opportunities for further research. The outcomes from the Bangkok symposium and workshop will be shared as points of discussion with participants in the UK and to shape the practitioner workshop that will be used to inform practices and identify research opportunities in the UK. The interactions between the participants and presentations given will be made available to the wider community through a dedicated community-led project website. The community platform will house various resources created from the proposed events, and links to various social innovators, social enterprises, funding bodies, NGOs, project initiatives, research networks, governmental bodies and companies in Design and Social Innovation. It will also become a repository for academic research and publications relevant to the field, and house project notices that may arise in the future. The platform will enable us to not only enable the continued dissemination of the research outcomes but to facilitate continued dialogue between the communities.

Quantum computation promises to solve certain problems that are fundamentally out of reach without it. But taking advantage of quantum capability requires a radical change in approach to computation. Quantum computation operates on fundamentally different principles than classical computation. By far the most prevalent model of quantum computation uses quantum circuits. Programming in this low-level and rigid model needs specialist knowledge. Most current quantum programming languages they describe how to construct a circuit, rather than what the circuit should actually do. Universal properties can extract conceptual essence without superfluous mathematical details. A quantum programming language based on them can be used by programmers who understand the concepts but not necessarily the mathematics behind quantum computation. Such a language frees the programmer to express algorithms at a higher level of abstraction. Universal quantum programming is also better at preventing and fixing programming errors. Universal quantum programming has three main advantages. First, programmers can build programs out of smaller components, which can be individually constructed and tested. This is essential for scalability: increasing the size and complexity of programs is only possible if programmers can control this complexity. Second, there are mathematical semantics that abstract from merely implementational details. Programmers can only invent truly new quantum algorithms if the language allows a sufficiently high-level view of computation. Third, the programmer can express their thoughts freely at a natural level of abstraction. This project has two main contributions towards universal quantum programming. First, as a short-term test case, we focus on dynamic quantum measurement. Every step in a quantum circuit is reversible, and only at the end is classical data extracted by an irreversible measurement. There are many advantages to performing measurements dynamically, partway along the quantum circuit, but this breaks many verification tools for quantum programs. Existing languages can express dynamic measurement at a low level of abstraction, but ideally the programmer need not specify when measurements happen and can leave this burden to the compiler. Supporting dynamic measurement through universal properties lets the programmer write bigger and better quantum programs. Second, the project will consider robustness in the face of error-prone quantum hardware. Dynamic quantum programs need to deal with noisy measurements. Relatedly, quantum computation can in theory be more energy-efficient than classical computation, but there is currently a lack of in-depth analysis of the in-principle energy use of quantum computation. This project will quantify the effect of dynamic measurement on the robustness of quantum programs, letting the programmer trade off robustness and energy use against quantum measurements. This project provides Dynamic and Universal Quantum programming, which is more flexible, more scalable, and more verifiable.