Around the world, nationalist politicians see migrants and ethnic minorities as undeserved receivers of public goods. What underpins these exclusionary claims is the thesis that ethnic diversity impedes the prospects of economic progress and social welfare. Does this thesis withstand systematic inquiry? At a first glance, there are plenty of studies that link ethnic heterogeneity to the underprovision of public goods. An influential literature in political economy asserts a strong association between high levels of diversity and low levels of public service provision such as schooling or health care. States, Nationalism, and the Relationship between Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision [ETHNICGOODS] aims to revisit and challenge this conventional wisdom, and the doggedly ahistorical perspective it implies. Instead of treating ethnic diversity as exogenous, the project explores the role of historical patterns of nation-building and state institutional development. I expect different nation-building modes—that is, whether states seek to assimilate, accommodate, or exclude minorities—to have distinct consequences for contemporary levels of diversity and collective goods provision. I further expect historical variations in the capacity of states to provide public goods to affect contemporary levels of heterogeneity and public goods provision. To develop and test this theoretical argument on a global scale, ETHNICGOODS will create two new, publicly available datasets and combine comparative-historical case studies and statistical analysis. With this ambitious focus the project aims to make a major contribution to our understanding of ethnic diversity, injecting a historical perspective into debates around the political and developmental consequences of heterogeneity. Finally, by connecting with a range of academic and non-academic audiences, ETHNICGOODS will influence public debates about ethnic diversity and its effects.

Crop wild relatives (CWR) are wild plant taxa closely related to a crop. They represent an important source of genetic diversity for the improvement of agronomic traits. In the context of the One Health Initiative, temperate fruit trees are essential for human nutrition and health, yet CWR resources have hitherto been underused. Moreover, fruit tree long lifespan and a current production dominated by a few cultivars make them particularly vulnerable to the effects of global changes. To address this challenge, the FRUITDIV project will monitor, characterise, use, and conserve the diversity of emblematic fruit tree CWR, with a particular emphasis on Malus, Pyrus and Prunus. To better characterise the genetic and phenotypic diversity of CWR fruit trees and identify favourable traits for future introgression into cultivars, FRUITDIV will use a combination of floristic, ethnogeography and population genomics on genebanks and historical European hotspots of diversity. We will then develop new multiomics-based breeding strategies that combine marker-assisted introgression for traits of interest (e.g. resilience, resistance to pests and diseases, fruit quality) with pangenomic prediction and a reduction of CWR-associated genetic load. In addition to breeding programs, FRUITDIV will also work with networks of farmers and associations to help characterise CWR progeny in various pedo-climatic conditions in Europe. An European-wide online platform that provides genotyping and phenotyping data for free will be implemented to promote the use of CWR genitors by breeders and farmers and help disseminate plant material of interest for various usages and cultivation systems. Overall, the FRUITDIV multi-actor approach involving geneticists, forestry officers, germplasm curators, farmers and citizens, will foster the in- and ex-situ conservation of CWR and promote sustainable agricultural practices across Europe.