A global increase in the demand for wood products has been observed worldwide during the last decades. This trend is expected to continue in the future as a consequence of population growth. Additionally, the need for wood is augmented by the increasing substitution of fossil energy by wood biomass-based energy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This demand will not be satisfied by natural and naturally regenerated forests: they are threatened by high deforestation rates and forest degradation mainly in the tropics and the costs of wood mobilization in the temperate zones is a concern. Forest plantations (FP) are therefore expected to provide a large part of the global wood supply. Their ability to meet wood demand is limited by competing land uses. Higher stand yields must be obtained on soils that may not necessarily support such intensification especially as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exportations by biomass removal are generally not offset by fertilization. Therefore, FP sustainability is currently a major concern, particularly with regard to serious long-term N and P deficits. Innovative FP management schemes, and attractive to the stakeholders must be then deployed. The Intens&Fix project will deal with the ecological intensification of FP through the association of N2-fixing species (NFS) with the goal to increase stand production as, in particular, a result of better N and P availability in the soil. These systems hould combine positive environmental impacts while ensuring social-economical improvement of livelihood for smallholders or performances for commercial companies. The project will develop an experimental approach on various and complementary FP with associated NFS, both in France (Juglans sp. and Alnus cordata or herbaceous NFS in Languedoc, Populus sp + Robinia pseudoacacia. in North-Est of France) and in the Tropics (mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium in Brazil and Congo). An integrated biophysical model will be developed for the simulation of mixed species in FP. Outputs of virtual experiments performed with the biophysical model will feed a plantation-level model allowing to assess the economical feasibility and to test decision rules for the management of FP with NFS. Crossing models outputs and a survey of stakeholders’ innovation process concerning the use of NFS will entitle us to assess the potential development of these systems. The approach will be multidisciplinary and involve scientists working in ecophysiology, biogeochemistry, soil science, microbiology, silviculture, socio-economics, and modelling. This project will contribute to the production of innovative results i.e. refined methodological techniques for estimation of N transfer, documentation of mechanisms of competition/ facilitation for N and P bioavailability, model coupling water, N and C functioning adapted to mixed-species forests and practices (species, density…) to manage NFS in FP, and socio-economical assessment of these new management schemes. The results will be valorised through publications in high level scientific journals, as well as in R/D journals and participation to international conferences. More generally the involvement of a top resource partner in farm forestry and agroforestry, the participative approach deployed, and the strong partnership developed with producer organisations in France, Brazil and Congo will warrant a large and efficient dissemination of the Intens&Fix results. From an operational view point, the Intens&Fix project will provide tools of ecological intensification to significantly improve FP management with specific targets in eucalyptus plantations in Congo and Brazil (several millions ha), Very Short Rotation Coppices, and high value timber in agroforestry systems (potential of several millions ha in Europe).

The impacts of Global Changes and the internalisation of the costs of adaptation are expected to be of such a huge economic importance that they recently raised warnings from institutions such as the World Bank (WorldBank, 2012). Just considering the climatic component, the “Tipping-Point” (or emergence of the temperature increase from the current local climatic oscillations) will likely occur within five to ten years under the tropics and just a few decades later for higher latitudes (Mahlstein et al., 2011; Hawkins and Sutton, 2012; IPCC, 2013). The tropics are vulnerable but count with an immemorial experience in the management of low-input agroecosystems under constraints. They offer to the World an invaluable laboratory for testing adaptation scenarios. Each agroecosystem is defined by a range of temperature and resources beyond which it is no longer viable and should be changed (for crops), or adapted through management practices (for perennial plantations). Some practices can enhance resilience: creating heterogeneity (multi-layers) and diversity (multi-species, several sources of incomes) into the perennial plantations can improve the micro-climate, the effects of facilitation for resource capture (light, water, nutrients), the provision of ecosystem services. Our hypothesis is that some multilayered systems, such as agroforestry, are intrinsically more resilient and could inspire other types of management. MACACC will gather economists, stakeholders (Professional Organisations + a large panel of producers, > 300), climatologists, ecophysiologists, modelers, around the question of adaptation of their perennial plantations to global changes. Three perennial plantations were selected as case-studies, owing to their economical importance (woody products and coffee), to their origin (2 tropical, Eucalyptus and Coffee-Agroforestry; one in France, Maritime Pine), and to their structure (mono or multi-layer, main crop in upper or under-storey). In accordance with the stakeholders, we will study a few realistic “adaptive management scenarios” that could realistically be implemented in the near future. • These adaptive management scenarios will be investigated by the economists of the project to test the “willingness of adoption” of the stakeholders, using choice experiments that aim in particular at evaluating planters’ preferences for a range of incentive mechanisms (Payments for Ecosystem Services, certifications etc); • The climatologists will downscale locally the climatic scenarios for the very next decades (just released from IPCC 2013) and for the later (IPCC 2007): these will be combined with the range of adaptive management scenarios into a biophysical model running at the scale of forest and agroforest plots, over full cultural cycles. The model will be parameterized and verified according to already existing data from actual field experiments, in a large range of conditions for light (climate and density of shade trees), water (rainfall exclusion experiments), nutrient and CO2 availability (Free Air CO2 Enrichment data). The outputs will be profiles of “ecological resilience” per scenario, including a multi-purpose evaluation of the provision of ecosystem services (yield included), for current and future climates; • The “profiles of ecological resilience per scenario” will be combined with the “willingness of adoption” and yield finally “a global resilience”, i.e. explicitly including ecological, economical and adoption components of the process of adaptation; The results on global resilience will be restituted and discussed with stakeholders and ranked according to multi-purpose priorities.The scientific work will be evaluated by the stakeholders and the deliverables will be used for outreach, training of planters, students and possibly become tools for decision-building of planters and policy makers.

DAUME project studies the new forms of management and governance in periurban areas in the perspective of sustainable development. This stake is particularly acute in the Mediterranean area where urban pressure is concentrated in littoral plains, threatening agricultural spaces which are rare, fragile, and yet essential to the life of the inhabitants,. Yet these agricultural spaces are indispensable for food provision, security (floods, fires), water quality (urban rejections, water pollution), and for the safeguarding of the natural resources. Taking up these challenges requires to combine agriculture issues and urban design in practices, organizations and political projects in the long run. Project DAUME proposal is to contribute to this objective with a double glance: interdisciplinary (urban/agricultural) and international (North and South of the Mediterranean sea). DAUME project combines two research fields: urban research one one side, agronomic and rural research of the other. From the urban point of view, the approach of durability stands on the integration of open spaces in the urban project. From the agricultural point of view, the approach of durability goes with the multi-functionality of the urban agricultural systems. DAUME measures the importance to rehabilitate the agricultural question within the theoretical frameworks of the urban question. The project crosses these two glances using the concept of sustainable agro-urban system. the durability of urban agricultures will be studied through the analysis of integrated projects implemented by private and public actors to direct urban-agriculture dynamics. This way, DAUME project follows recent scientific works which set governance as the “4th pillar” of sustainable development. DAUME creates an international network of researchers working in the North and the South of the western part of the Mediterranean area. It joins five French teams of Cirad, Inra and CNRS, and four teams of other countries of the Mediterranean (Algeria, Italy, Morocco, Portugal). This network addresses the analysis of the durability of urban agricultures in very contrasted social, agro ecologic, economic and political contexts. South of the Mediterranean sea, urban growth threatens agricultural autonomy of countries that already strongly depend on import of agro-alimentary food products : it addresses the stakes of food safety, reduction of poverty and natural resources management. North of the Mediterranean sea, urban sprawl is related to a « countryside need » from urban people that leads to the invention of new relationships between cities and agricultures. Here, urban agriculture is addressed for social functions, above the only productive function. The scientific program proposes an interdisciplinary and compared exploration of these stakes. It comprises four modules : (I) production of scientific and methodological frameworks; (II) analysis of agri-urban dynamic; (III) governance of integrated projects analysis; (iv) scenario planning activity in order to help public and professional stakeholders in planning and decision making. Beyond the work undertaken by the researchers, the project will lead to training courses for Master and doctorate students. Scientific results will be published, mainly through a synthesis book “what future for urban agricultures in the Mediterranean in 2030 ?

MOUVE is is a research consortium integrated by INRA, CIRAD and Cemagref researchers in partnership with universities and research centres in Developing Countries. The purpose of the project is to produce knowledge to understand, model and summarize the necessary implantation and development conditions of Ecological Intensification (EI), and its possible implications in livestock farming systems at the local level. It aims at contributing to the scientific domain of "local development – livestock " interactions in relation with the ecological intensification and sustainable development. Livestock farming systems approaches, sociology of professions, landscape ecology and geography are the main scientific domains contributing to the pluridisciplinary of the project. From a methodological point of view, MOUVE will develop comparative analysis of 8 contrasting extensive livestock farming regions (2 in South America, 1 in African Sahel, 2 in Mediterranean basins, 3 in French mountains). The contrasts rely on i) landscape (rangeland or a mix with crops and forest); ii) livestock production stakes in relation to production or environment,; and iii) livestock dynamics (increasing or decreasing numbers, relocation). The project will treat simultaneously 1) what are the local stakeholders attempts in relation to livestock and sustainable development in times of ecological intensification. This will mobilize participatory methods, and will help to precise how EI is re- formulated at that local scale. 2 ) what are the characteristics of the "livestock – local development" interactions considering i) the diversity and complementarities of livestock farms, ii) the land use and the ecosystem services, iii) related people debates on what is a good farmer facing times of changes and uncertainties ; 3) the development conditions for livestock farming changes and collective initiatives that fits with EI, and the consequences on the ecosystems and farmers identities. 4) Scenarios methodologies will be utilised to integrate the knowledge with local actors’ one. Our final aim is to produce knowledge and development indicators at the local level to discuss the future of livestock and livestock farming within international arenas, such as FAO, LEAD (Livestock Environment and Development Group).